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��ࡱ�>�� _a����^��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������u �r�{3bjbj�n�n26��a��a� �������""������������8�,%��nl99999mmm�m�m�m�m�m�m�m$"p��r<�mu�mmmmm�m��994pn���m��9�9�m�m�m���9������y"��������m�n0�n�s :s��1s��j�mm�mmmmm�m�me�mmm�nmmmm��������������������������������������������������������������������smmmmmmmmm"q s: world politics volume 75, issue 2, april 2023 1. title: closing the gap: the politics of property rights in kenya authors: mai, hassan; klaus, kathleen. abstract: politicians and scholars alike have advocated for land reform as a tool to address political instability and poverty. yet in many cases of land reform, governments provide land but withhold property rights. why do leaders withhold these rights, and when do they grant previously withheld rights? the authors argue that land rights are a distributive good that leaders relinquish conservatively and selectively to build popular support. using microlevel data from kenya�a country in which successive governments have distributed most of the country�s arable land through land reform�the article finds that leaders under democratic regimes are more willing to formalize rights than those under autocratic regimes. further, the logic of land formalization changes with regime type. whereas autocrats prioritize land formalization among core supporters, elites facing elections prioritize pivotal swing voters. the article demonstrates how the provision of property rights is primarily a function of political calculations rather than state capacity. 2. title: issue-image trade-offs and the politics of foreign policy: how leaders use foreign policy positions to shape their personal images authors: friedman, jeffrey a. abstract: this article explains how leaders can use foreign policy issues to shape their personal images. it argues in particular that presidents and presidential candidates can use hawk-ish foreign policies to craft valuable impressions of leadership strength. this dynamic can give leaders incentives to take foreign policy positions that are more hawkish than what voters actually want. the article documents the causal foundations of this argument with a preregistered survey experiment; it presents archival evidence demonstrating that presidential candidates use unpopular foreign policies to convey attractive personal traits; and it uses observational data to show how those trade-offs have shaped three decades of presidential voting. the article�s theory and evidence indicate that democratic responsiveness in foreign policy is not as simple as doing what voters want. leaders often need to choose between satisfying voters� policy preferences and crafting personal images that voters find appealing. aligning foreign policy with voters� preferences is thus easier said than done, and it is not always the best way for leaders to maximize their public standing. 3. title: great expectations: the democratic advantage in trade attitudes authors: chen, frederick r; pevehouse, jon c w; powers, ryan m. abstract: why is trade with some countries more popular than with others? linking the literature on regime type and trade cooperation with the literature on trade attitudes, the authors argue that the domestic political institutions and cooperative reputations of foreign states condition the willingness of the public and policy elites to deepen trade cooperation. using survey experiments fielded on the american public and a unique sample of us foreign economic policymakers, the authors show that respondents prefer trade with democracies over trade with nondemocracies by large margins. further, they find that this democratic advantage stems from a strong expectation that democracies will be more reliable and consistent cooperation partners. this study provides one of the first direct and causally identified tests of the mechanisms underlying theories of the political economy of regime type and international cooperation. although the article focuses on the case of trade attitudes, the argument is general, suggesting that support for cooperation in other issue areas is conditional on similar factors. 4. title: the politics of decentralization level: local and regional devolution as substitutes authors: ricart-huguet, joan; sellars, emily a. abstract: most contemporary decentralization has occurred at the local (district) rather than the regional (provincial) level. why? the authors advance a theory highlighting the political incentives of central authorities to bypass the regional tier of government in favor of decentralizing to smaller, more fragmented units. regional decentralization can capitalize on economies of scale and scope in public service provision, but it also enables political opposition to scale more effectively. local decentralization provides some of the benefits of regional decentralization at less political risk, making it an imperfect but attractive substitute for central authorities. drawing on cases from africa and latin america, this article discusses when and how strategic local decentralization can be an effective strategy to maintain political control in divided societies, why sometimes governments may instead opt for regional decentralization or (re)centralization, and how the choice of decentralization level depends on political geography and history as well as economic factors. 5. title: the protestant road to bureaucracy authors: figueroa, valent�n. abstract: after the seventeenth century, rulers across europe attempted reforms to replace amateur administrators with professional bureaucrats. the success of administrative reforms hinged on whether rulers could compensate entrenched officeholders and recruit salaried employees. the author demonstrates that the extent to which these co,0@bflpvz\^bt�����ʻʻʩ���wobtf9thj�5�ojqj^jo(h�a/h�a/5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h�]5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h�a/h�a/5�cjojqj^jajh�a/5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�a/h�a/5�cjojqj^jaj\^`�8 � � ����������� m3�����������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gd�a/gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4��6 8 j l � � � � � � � �������������˽�����|��l|�^l|p�bhihu<�ojqj^jo(hih�l$ojqj^jo(h� �h� �5�ojqj^jhvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(h�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(hj�5�ojqjo(hiht4ojqj^jo(h� �h� �ojqj^jhihj�ojqj^jo(h�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jht45�ojqj^jo(h�a/h�a/5�ojqj^jhicy5�ojqj^j�����(*�������������跧�跗ʼn|o�btf9�h$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jh�"�h%j,5�ojqj^jhs/�5�ojqj^jo(hihanojqj^jhrt�hrt�ojqj^jh� )hto�ojqj^jo(h�a/hto�5�ojqj^jo(hvi�hto�5�ojqj^jo(h�a/h�a/5�ojqj^jhto�hto�5�ojqj^j hto�hto�h�"�h�`�5�ojqj^jhto�5�ojqj^jo(h%j,5�ojqjo(������������������ �����⹬���xj��\j�n>hvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�kh�k5�ojqj^jhvi�h�ps5�ojqj^jh�psh�ps5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�ps5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h%j,ojqj^jo(hrt�hrt�ojqj^jh� )h$?�ojqj^jo(h�a/h�a/5�ojqj^jh$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jhvi�h$?�5�ojqj^jo( s!0l3m3n3p3q3s3t3v3w3z3{3�����ƾ��������hj}�jhj}�uh� �hj<ojqj^jo(uh�kh�kojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jnditions were met at the time of reforms depended on whether states had experienced a protestant reformation in the sixteenth century. this article shows how the reformation, which involved the expropriation of the catholic church�s assets, set in motion two processes. first, to finance their wars, protestant rulers used revenue from confiscated assets instead of selling proprietary offices, leading to fewer venal officeholders who resisted administrative reforms. second, expropriations made churches poorer and reduced the number of plum jobs in the clergy, incentivizing a reallocation of educational investments from religious knowledge to secular skills more useful for state administration. this distinctive protestant developmental path hastened the demise of the patrimonial state. by 1789, the only major territorial states that were bureaucratic were protestant.     m3o3p3r3s3u3v3x3y3z3{3����������gd)w�gd� 01�82p��. ��a!�"�#��$��%��s�� ��s2���� 0@p`p������2(�� 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p��8x�v~�������� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@pj_hmh nhsh thj`��j ck�e $1$a$ cjkh_hajmh nhsh th$a ���$ ؞���k=�w[sobi���b nf�h�&��ŝ�]�6��ҩ��n=���in����a7���qb&>!"�h [�� �lx�z)��w�v�og�%�ţ|8mă#�/��8��'��=���q�u*��c�`c�w{�d6��/�[��yl���%�� ��n� {�\�o�sm�/�~��i�bcax���/=x e��'5��&\�h�4da���,ye\}�)�l�a�����r�^��*�z���y�v-wowz�n�]��:m�v�=t�c���w��r�b���*i�v�u�r��u����|�nc`�|����*^����pk! ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.rels��m �0���wooӻ�&݈э���5 6?$q�� �,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@rn��;d�`��o7�g�k(m&$r(.1�r'j��њt���8��v�"��aȼ�h�u}��|�$�b{��p����8�g/]�qasم(����#��l�[������pk-!����[content_types].xmlpk-!�֧��6 0_rels/.relspk-!ky���theme/theme/thememanager.xmlpk-!���f���theme/theme/theme1.xmlpk-! ѐ��'� theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.relspk]� �6���� ��� {3m3{3�@� @���������h ��0�( � ����0�( � ��b �s ���� ?�`j%(f o � � o\dk���������������������� !#( -00:t}������jkktijjt� i j j s � � ����effov������������ ����q04e��n[g],-�o�����`<|��o";0ri1�%�rrsui��w�i�= {u�,� uz*�m� �r=��-9h�s��eme�.~�� {r�v �4�1l2q �"�i aha��og>�u��`�1_%v��nh{��q��u�3�d]-�z:kkkkn;�q0�<�?*� 7��:a��^b� �l{��2h�(�#!�q��m4-cqrrs�4>�p]�sao-�?��yn�b~i�(��)ib��>!]�.�` rv:g&>!��}n!�l��2�"�0r��\�|�md-%;�blrbr]�a 6ji� ��vj�`�[jo 5j90�ry �:[� k 3q-r�jx 8i� tp� k�|�2~� ��y��k� ?i��� * �? 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