-尊龙游戏旗舰厅官网
��ࡱ�>�� _a����^��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �r�s(bjbjqq2:eee
���������������������84n��jlbbbbb���jjjjjjj$l��n:@j������@j��bb4ujppp���b�bjp�jpppb������_�����rpjkj0�jp�n�f�nppn/�n��gh��p�����@j@j(h����j�������������������������������������������������������������������������n�����������: journal of policy analysis and management
volume 31, issue 1, winter 2012
1. title: energy demand-side management: new perspectives for a new era
authors: sanya carley
abstract: over the past decade and a half, state governments have assumed greater responsibility over demand-side management (dsm) operations. whereas dsm programs formerly were initiated primarily by utilities or state public utility commissions, they are now becoming increasingly state-initiated and incentivized through funding mechanisms or efficiency-level mandates. the supporting literature, however, has yet to respond to these changes and to verify that dsm funding or mandates are effective policy mechanisms. furthermore, the supporting literature has yet to resolve some of the research design and methodological challenges that traditionally plague dsm evaluations. as states continue to expand their energy and climate policy efforts, and the federal government considers the possibility of national decarbonization policies, of which dsm is a key strategy, the need for empirical research on the effectiveness of dsm programs will grow. this essay describes the current status of dsm efforts in the u.s. and explores how these programs affect electricity operations. the relationship between dsm policy and program efforts and the amount of saved electricity is tested with a methodological approach aimed at minimizing the selection bias that is inherent in the nonexperimental research design. results confirm that state-run dsm efforts contribute to electricity savings across the country. public benefit funds coupled with performance incentives are found to encourage utility participation in dsm programs. energy efficiency portfolio standards and performance incentives effectively promote electricity savings, but public benefit funds without the support of other dsm policies are not significant drivers of either dsm program participation or total dsm electricity savings.
2. title: a preliminary theory of dark network resilience
authors: ren� m. bakker, j�rg raab and h. brinton milward
abstract: a crucial contemporary policy question for governments across the globe is how to cope with international crime and terrorist networks. many such �dark� networks�that is, networks that operate covertly and illegally�display a remarkable level of resilience when faced with shocks and attacks. based on an in-depth study of three cases (mk, the armed wing of the african national congress in south africa during apartheid; farc, the marxist guerrilla movement in colombia; and the liberation tigers of tamil eelam, ltte, in sri lanka), we present a set of propositions to outline how shocks impact dark network characteristics (resources and legitimacy) and networked capabilities (replacing actors, linkages, balancing integration and differentiation) and how these in turn affect a dark network's resilience over time. we discuss the implications of our findings for policymakers.
3. title: the efficiency of a group-specific mandated benefit revisited: the effect of infertility mandates
authors: joanna n. lahey
abstract: this paper examines the labor market effects of state health insurance mandates that increase the cost of employing a demographically identifiable group. state mandates requiring that health insurance plans cover infertility treatment raise the relative cost of insuring older women of child-bearing age. empirically, wages in this group are unaffected, but their total labor input decreases. workers do not value infertility mandates at cost, and so will not take wage cuts in exchange, leading employers to decrease their demand for this affected and identifiable group. differences in the empirical effects of mandates found in the literature are explained by a model including variations in the elasticity of demand, moral hazard, ability to identify a group, and adverse selection.
4. title: labor market policy: a comparative view on the costs and benefits of labor market flexibility
authors: lawrence m. kahn
abstract: i review theories and evidence on wage-setting institutions and labor market policies in an international comparative context. these include collective bargaining, minimum wages, employment protection laws, unemployment insurance (ui), mandated parental leave, and active labor market policies (almps). since it is unlikely that an unregulated private sector would provide the income insurance these institutions do, these policies may enhance economic efficiency. however, to the extent that unemployment or resource misallocation results from such measures, these efficiency gains may be offset. overall, scandinavia and central europe follow distinctively more interventionist policies than the english-speaking countries in the northern hemisphere. possible explanations for such differences include vulnerability to external market forces and ethnic homogeneity. i then review evidence on the impacts of these policies and institutions. while the interventionist model appears to cause lower levels of wage inequality and high levels of job security to incumbent workers, it also in some cases leads to the relegation of new entrants (disproportionately women, youth, and immigrants) as well as the less skilled to temporary jobs or unemployment. making labor markets more flexible could bring these groups into the regular labor market to a greater extent, at the expense of higher levels of economic insecurity for incumbents and higher levels of wage inequality.
5. title: the challenge of urban policy
authors: edward l. glaeser
abstract: urbanization almost invariably accompanies development, and the cities of india and china are experiencing spectacular increases in population. the concentration of millions of people in a small mass creates challenges for public policy, especially in the areas of basic infrastructure, public health, traffic congestion, and often law enforcement as well. in this essay, i discuss five core debates in urban policy, including the optimal degree of federalism, private versus public provision of urban services, optimal land use regulation, appropriate spatial policies, and the use of engineering and economics approaches to reducing the negative consequences of density. none of these debates are close to being resolved, but researchers have managed to generate a number of useful insights in these areas.
6. title: voluntary environmental programs: a comparative perspective
authors: aseem prakash and matthew potoski
abstract: voluntary environmental programs (veps) are institutions for inducing firms to produce environmental goods beyond legal requirements. a comparative perspective on veps shows how incentives to sponsor and participate in veps vary across countries in ways that reveal their potential and limitations. our brief survey examines conditions under which veps emerge, attract participants, and improve participants' environmental performance. we focus on the costs and bene-fits for actors seeking to supply (or sponsor) these governance mechanisms as well as the costs and benefits for firms who are considering joining veps and adhering to their program obligations.
7. title: long-term care: common issues and unknowns
authors: katherine swartz, naoko miake and nadine farag
abstract: all industrialized countries are grappling with a common problem�how to provide assistance of various kinds to their rapidly aging populations. the problem for countries searching for models of efficient and high-quality long-term care (ltc) policies is that fewer than a dozen countries have government-organized, formal ltc policies. relatively new surveys focused on the elderly populations of about 25 countries could become the basis for research on which ltc policy design choices have desired outcomes for individuals and society and might be replicable in other countries. as in earlier decades when u.s. researchers created the current population survey (cps) modules and the survey of income and program participation to answer policy questions, researchers and policy analysts are now at a point where a concerted effort is needed to generate questions that international comparative research on ltc could answer as well as the data needed to address the questions.
)*13;<>dgijklmv���������ʹʹʹ����|�n`pne:pnh�g5�ojqj^jhicy5�ojqj^jhvi�hu<�5�ojqj^jo(h�gh�g5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jhm�5�ojqj^jo(h�ud5�ojqj^jo(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h
2e5�cjojqj^jaj hky�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h�e�5�cjojqj^jajo(#hky�hky�5�cjojqj^jaj*jkl�����&��(fg������
!!������������������������gd�ggd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�$a$gd�"��������������%&/0�����������������{k���]qdhto�5�ojqj^jo(h��h%j,ojqjo(h��hu<�ojqj^jo(h�gh�l$5�ojqj^jo(h�g5�ojqj^jhvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(h�gh�g5�ojqj^jh�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(h%j,5�ojqjo(h��h[rojqj^jo(h��h�gojqj^jhu<�5�ojqj^jo(�����'(12efghjpq��������ϧ��ω|qdvh;�h$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jh�"�h%j,5�ojqj^jhs/�5�ojqj^jo(h%j,5�ojqjo(h��hanojqj^jh��h�gojqj^jh�ghto�5�ojqj^jo(h�g5�ojqj^jhvi�hto�5�ojqj^jo(h�gh�g5�ojqj^jhto�5�ojqj^jo(hto�hto�5�ojqj^jhto�hto�h�"�h�`�5�ojqj^j����������������������������ս����{�m_{��oah$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�gh)w�5�ojqj^jo(hvi�h�ps5�ojqj^jh�gh�g5�ojqj^jh�psh�ps5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�ps5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h��h%j,ojqj^jo(h��h�gojqj^jh�g5�ojqj^jh$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jhvi�h$?�5�ojqj^jo(��
!!!!!!p!q!y!z!c!{!|!�!�!$$$$ $������τ����}m_��qe8�h|�5�ojqj^jo(h��h)w�ojqjo(h��h)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�gh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�g5�ojqj^jhvi�hvi�5�ojqj^jhvi�hr7a5�ojqj^jh�gh�g5�ojqj^jhr7ahr7a5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr7a5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h��h�gojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(!q!|!$$r$�$e(g(h(j(k(m(n(p(q(r(s(�����������������gd�gd|�gd)w�gdr7a $&$'$q$r$[$o$�$�$�$�$d(e(f(h(i(k(l(n(o(r(s(�����ֽ����wokokokokwh��jh��uh��h)w�ojqj^jo(h��h�gojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�gh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�g5�ojqj^jhvi�h|�5�ojqj^jh�gh�g5�ojqj^jh|�5�ojqj^jo(h|�h|�5�ojqj^j01�82p��. ��a!�"�#��$��%��s����b2���� 0@p`p������2(�� 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p��8x�v~pj_hmh nhsh thj`��jck�e$1$a$ cjkh_hajmh nhsh th$a ���$؞���k=�w[sobi���bnf�h����3�\`�?�/�[���g��\�!�-�rk.�s�ի�..���a濭?��pk!�֧��6_rels/.rels���j�0���}q��%v/��c/�}�(h"���o�
������=������ ����c?�h�v=��ʌ��%[xp��{۵_�pѣ<�1�h�0���o�r�bd���je�4b$��q_����6l��r�7`�������0̞o��,�en7�li�b��/�s���e��е������pk!ky���theme/theme/thememanager.xml�m
� @�}�w��7c�(eb�ˮ��c�aǡҟ����7��՛k
y,�
�e�.���|,���h�,l����xɴ��i�sq}#ր���� ֵ �!�,�^�$j=�gw���)�e� &
8���pk!�uu��qtheme/theme/theme1.xml�ymoe�#�f{oc'vgu�رh�f�[��xw�;���jf��7����@%ą*�h�_�rt�կ�;3��n�&ia�!��>��ǽ3�t�n�����u/v�q�a���.��k��yҳ��mu��0�ps~��~���ctt���ݟ���;���e�pm�$,r����?~��x����_��e���<���r ��t��_>��ɣ�>}�������"�oc"�5r��x������8e?´h���'xk)��q���6�,���g���)�}���n;
�"1r�d��(v�;���^��e��%a�p1*��0>(��ɖ��(�����cx;"���'
�$!
�w|���nq��u���k>t�e-lk]ҧ'��d[4����l�x;�ٹ�z��y�i\$tf%�� s�x���x�q̊��**s�7~ב
"�q' r��\`o!�w1t�ұ�q�"���e<�1�e�&�og8n˰=�de�rr�]���;ܭ�q���pߤ� ����
�� �ߌ��%�j��4��v�(�c���>��aif���x���j�:�~��7�6}�{�&%��|v�y�rߵ\�?�r���i���b��s��͈ϝ�����3�-͐,a�������lnli_����b�
\}duԋp
v��lb��%j����y.��0� {,�������%���&l�n��g.hi38�����)��:ªz�sk��l�s�ml�κ�o��`l//�]��� f$�~�{o����p@�i�gct5a�s��@��h�n�zazc�}i� rq\m�����(���&��dœ]���|�-�_lǭz^ ��4��mθ�ڎ5c�b=w�8k1,n��{���>#&�����{�[�р�a�@v_���
�.`p��6�4 ��lt�^�7�s�t'r�9[kv�x��ٓ�����y:;��k�6����%
k�� cc~�*����!лp�?bj�d�ߔ�ѳg���j4����pk!
ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.rels��m
�0���wooӻ�&݈э���5
6?$q��
�,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@rn��;d�`��o7�g�k(m&$r(.1�r'j��њt���8��v�"��aȼ�h�u}��|�$�b{��p����8�g/]�qasم(����#��l�[������pk-!����[content_types].xmlpk-!�֧��6 _rels/.relspk-!ky���theme/theme/thememanager.xmlpk-!�uu��q�theme/theme/theme1.xmlpk-!
ѐ��'� theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.relspk]�
s :���� ���� $s(!s(�@� @���������h ��0�( �
����0�( �
��b
�s���� ?���������
%
0
"'��z_`gt{txsx��e g h j k m n p t >d{~e g h j k m n p t 33kke g h j k m n p t )13;<>dhijkv��������%0��'2eq����������
pz{�'q[��d t ��q04e��n[g],-�o�����`<|��o";0ri1�%�rrsui��w�i�={u�,� uz*�m� �r=��-9h�s��eme�.~��
{r�v�4�1l2q �"�iaha��og>�u��`�1_%v��nh{��q��u�3�d]-�z:kkkkn;�q0�<�?*�7��:a��^b� �l{��2h�(�#!�q��m4-cqrrs�4>�p]�sao-�?��yn�b~i�(��)ib��>!]�.�`
rv:g&>!��}n!�l��2�"�0r��\�|�md-%;�blrbr]�a
6ji� ��vj�`�[jo 5j90�ry �:[�
k 3q-r�jx 8i� tp� k�|�2~�
��y��k�
?i��� *�?=��#??*�@�4le�dw"
���z�g�kd�2�^e�-h�x�w��t�bs &�x�-z�y��w�i�>�:-��u
kkkkdw"
q�x�-h�
k^r�
�^�vxb�
�=#�/y�pur ����
��'ff�x-z�d�y�(��)fk{z��fv��-�p�'�e��4�!~q�2h`�?i��be��@��fk-<"��l�q�u��y/�x{��]^�~76=&����`
[� ��rh&<�^��oc!��d{�/�"���[��h�2��d���t��w�8i� (f�tl(����}�t�a9�~�8��7l��4�";�g)n��p7v}g�xd|��&�h�w�a�g�b�u�d\*�)#jb�l�d�
)r�}��w�gl$l��r�qh� v���/xcz.�^m~;�|p%�fzps7l�ps�#���<>)��s��vj��h5h 5� a�l[�x� xcz�be�yfdxl�y��raj>�n�cr%v��h�a9�� !`��}<�q�}q =�7y]��r�-��.��zf�7��
�e�o[kh,~�hmpm~�mg�=�j��>m�?[%��'w�jo8�l�y2\gqwez ��p]74�`a��m�!�|z��z:�*��b!�g;cq�qq�h�nk^r a�x�t
an�gap�y8��x���s��d���z��j�vzq��t\
~��av'po�_m4�i�w��tkpb�`
rq1��yn�pur �p}��� urep�&>!�z[fxx)!�b!x{�ec!�t�k��oc!�v�>b(p!� ]!�3�l��!nr�q�m�!�j#�g-�!�f�d�[z"�u&z�6'�"�zy�q �"ji�_��m�"� ]!�&�"�)��/�"|z�s\�"=v�g��~#�)9~��k#�� �i3#�#?�=#�i\;�j#p%�sh�#���2k�#�|�#ry �ps�#pb��9�#�sa�d $��yj!4$�`�%�qg$�ep$�"e<@v�$:*�$�[��p�$�]'��?[>�?z]%�`�%vd�i1�%�lyk-,�%�,�=��l�%�z�@�x�%�!0��e&poq�bs &�b*&t�(6=&�'w�rh&2\�qp&nyvc��t�&��&�]'�ep$�tw�'~d:(�r�'�kl��>�'��5�l�'�taz��w(r�@�~d:(�_(it~tl(�x�,�dm�(�t�(�pi�(��]�a#�(�j�`�<>)^e��w)!,�f���)�l�%��)mq{�"*�^�i��le*^l�x�ne*n9��^�*�:8t��[? �v ��o�(s� qh� �`� q�f�� {p���c,@�i��#,�dq[mk, @p�qb,�d&d��,�>m��x�,�{u�,�@�q>,-�m4-rt�h�fk-�r�-�j�n�2@�-�ggc���-x*�y���->o.-dt��t�.��z]�.�x��<}7/d|���y/ds}���/: o=tj�/0�u0{z�o�!0�ran 0gy|�5j90�$�}�;1�0��efw2
�z��>2"o�m�29!"e�w�2�f\�h�2n�~�w�3ui�� �3dj�u�3��x@�4�;�4�d5��p�4@l�5h 5�^b^�
-a5�pv5�d5tw�'��5��5md-�b�5i�d��v�5
-a5�a
6�`d�#6ghch�81�6�&7��6�a�r!�6q1���@�6xx�6)1:t�&7�x�\�~74\�7bd9t=r�7��gr
f8c�]��jo8�~�8���8��b�n9?oi�q�9�a:�kx_�s�:kkkk�3�:�!�q�o";�4mjjo;�i\;�%�|c;�q��viu;�ru�;�~7�[u�u�`fr>�>�'i�>r]��v�>lrb�mt?<#iq!{�?p[5=�tf�?�t�&�?�*��o-�?�mt?�s�?
u|3e�?�-x{�8�?�@}��*.}@��)��-�@�t�`�r�@g��z�@z]%hag;��:a�s6ay8���doahu�(�a�le*�&e�ana��.�an���a�$,&d]�l�d|1�q�i�dbl#g�>e�\���ez�v�n�e�v ��'�e�#�c�hfs�]�=bdf�^^n��z[f�y���f�"�o w~g� l`�#�g�{9=��g=v�g�o�t�{s
h�-h�pv5p@h�og�ghch'\l��&�h�t�e�hoaq�!~q��y#%�q@gku�nr�q�q��qqg$�r)b;r�,�q��0hr�l��zwr�
{r;1�0��y{r�i�r�� �(u�r�$atxcsfzps8ts)b;r��ts�#�g3%�s�{�s�;�4��g/t�4>�:8t�gn�bd9t]z[t� �m��td $�`�t�s��,!u�rdi�@gku�u0
g�u���uxcs>�uc;�rxyyv�d�^�v4�o�v�j$w�w�w�6�x�m�2:3�x�q�y���x�3�:�^l�x\<�jg�xq>,- q�x�}<��x_/,j�zy��t��`-y<myv��q�yv^mc���y<z�&xfk{z�kd
�zhp��[�enx�:[�=�^�`
[�0�[(>y��f\�?\i�(��\�m��x�\~�f<1/�\�s���7y]�>aqs�]���c�]hv�i���]viu;�]^ph$^�^b^�`.�^�=�^�1_�kx_�a9�ji�_l{�� !`�qb,�� l`�y`� ��t�`�=�}�j�`�qq��u�`�>�`_m�t
a��&na[mk,�9a��q���a��5��>�asq�y�3j�a�zwr�a�t�3b@�z��)ib�u~b1�h��u�b�~#�%;�b@v�$03cd.�b�ggcg-�!�va�c�^����c(�a�u�c�0hr��#�c�j$wvd0q|�`d�d&d�@�m�f�d,-�zn�d�|�#�9!"e2k�#�g e�/e� *^ee����l\e�>e��eme�hgqwe�u
�t�edu�efd��&fji�,\f<}7/��zfs{tq�f3%�s!,�fqx{~�fxx�6�a�f6�f<z�bl#g�^blkqg�j9r��g8|k=�z�g�-9h�k?oi�u�<mebi�rdi�b*&��b~i�y{r4�i�`-y�^�ix�u�nf�i�~7djtj�/v,�j�8�?w�j�`�t�=�j�4�q\<�j�dk�g�tkzl!{�?�klv:g��3�l<|�<ie�lj l�^(m��k�z*�ma�� �m�hn�y`�gn��!�g)nfr>��^^nv��,mn�kj>�nh#�n�gv'po�
���"�o�"�o6gp�e�oh��.�o�r��v�omg���o]z[thptf�?(ap(s� @p�[? bep=r�7�c�p�qp&��dq�vzq� �<#iq�!�q� ���qq =��,�q�w�#!�q{s
h�4�q�a�f�l�q|1�q6s�~r�q3q-rie�l��j9r �3�c;�rn[g� �r�-�@�y0�sb(p!��s{fm-dt�y�)1:to
�v�$at�6�x� 0w?0w?0w?0w?�.�t�/e��t(ap�}�t�o�t�u2�&xph$^�enx[�x,mnf�x&xn
�x�0�<�=.y6�f�� oyrgox*�y�x�u��yd]-sq�y7���yxl�y�t�.��y];yw��y�w��u&z�*n{��tazr=��whkzjx �.tzji��z@�z�.�o���z�`�o��%�z�q�wv{�nh{$,&d�*n{�s�?mq{
hr{��6�jbs{�-x{qx{�@�6m�{�d��0q|�~�vgy|��s�
u|�[|�w)�\�| w~g;�|�g ek�|�.�t�y>�|b�5�ds}xyyv�p}�r>�$�}dm�(�m�}j<�v��=�}jbs{�q�}\
~�=�h,~03c��)9~whkzit~�;�~j{�~0�n�n�~l�s{t�<(>y\*�4e�z �j�{p�4\�7��(k�i����x��m�j����[w�2 r� �p
j^�n�_at�wb��.h j<sh�to>s�r#�l$�}&�m'�m(%j,�p.�i/�z2'4�6cj8�9�e=jj@r7a�nd�udvf�g0i%mangy�py�^5a�7ahc
2e�qf�)gjmi�fj�ckalthl[r�ps0@ui1vywicy�x}f�/�l#�wt�mw��=��`�nj�l�.~�v��~�du�to�4��m��2�)w�lz��c�ky�7�u<�[��r��������^�v��\�a�vi�|w�r�����$?���/��
��!�s/����8�*��-��_��f��r��c�7"��s����"�gl�h��-�����
��"�v�m�w�p������y����e�r�`-�|�e g �@�kk0ukks x@��unknown������������g��* ��times new roman5��symbol3.��* ��arial7.�� �verdana;���[sosimsuna���� b�cambria math q��h;"�f����rc��:��:!-!),.:;?]}���� & 6"0000 00
00000��� ������=�@�\�]�^���([{� 0
000000��;�[����������2u u 3�q��hx��?�����������������������"�2!xx���useruser�������oh�� '��0x������� ��
,8@hp�usernormal.dotmuser114microsoft office word@ʗ1@�y��\�@��o���������՜.�� ,��0�
x`t|�������microsoft:u
���� !"#$%����'()* ,-./0123456789:;<=>?@abcdefghijklm����opqrstu����wxyz[\]��������`��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������root entry�������� �f�_���b�data
������������1table����&�nworddocument����2:summaryinformation(������������ndocumentsummaryinformation8��������vcompobj������������u������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
���� �f#microsoft office word 97-2003 �ĵ�
msworddocword.document.8�9�q