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volume 41, issue 4, march 2012
1. title: startups by recent university graduates and their faculty: implications for university entrepreneurship policy
authors: thomas �stebro; navid bazzazian; serguey braguinsky
abstract: earlier research on the role of universities in fostering entrepreneurial economic development almost exclusively covers spin-offs by faculty and staff. in contrast, we provide general evidence from the u.s. showing that the gross flow of start-ups by recently graduated students with an undergraduate degree in science or engineering is at least an order of magnitude larger than the spin-offs by their faculty, that a recent graduate is twice as likely as her professor to start a business within three years of graduation, and that the graduates� spin-offs are not of low quality. three case studies illustrate how universities may stimulate science and engineering students and recent graduates to create new firms of high quality. we conclude that transforming university goals and practices toward increasing start-ups led by faculty might not be the most effective way for universities to stimulate entrepreneurial economic development.
2. title: putting university research in context: assessing alternative measures of production and diffusion at stanford
authors: andrew j. nelson
abstract: scholars widely acknowledge that university research is critical to innovation and entrepreneurship. much of the literature on university research, however, evokes a linear model from �science to products� and focuses, therefore, upon a limited set of indicators such as patents and licenses. such a perspective runs the danger of missing the myriad ways in which science and commerce are intertwined and the myriad ways in which these activities might be assessed. in this paper, i address the question of how different measures reflect different perspectives and biases by investigating the production and diffusion of research associated with one of stanford university's most prolific interdisciplinary centers, the center for computer research in music and acoustics (ccrma). i draw upon a unique data set that captures activities and engagement surrounding ccrma for its 30-year history through a wide variety of measures, ranging from publication citations to industrial affiliates to personnel mobility. employing the analytic categories of �description� and �enactment,� and distinguishing between �indicators� and �pathways,� i show how different measures reflect different activities and learning processes, and how they dramatically alter perceptions of active individuals, organizational reach, and timing and sequencing of activities. building on these findings, i present a more complete model of university research production and diffusion, i discuss how alternative measures challenge certain assumptions in the literature, and i suggest concrete policy initiatives to improve our measurement and assessment of university research.
3. title: spatial differences in the quality of university patenting: do regions matter?
authors: manuel acosta; daniel coronado; m. �ngeles mart�nez
abstract: this paper uses patent citation data to analyze the quality of university technology across european regions. the empirical analysis draws on a panel dataset of 4580 european university-owned patents classified by 202 european regions over the period 1998�2004. the methodology involves a multilevel framework to identify the effects of factors at three hierarchical levels (individual, university, and regional) on the quality of university patenting. the results suggest that regional factors, such as the level of development, industrial potential, and regional higher education r&d expenditure, do not play any significant role in determining the quality of european university patents. we instead find that the factors affecting patent quality stem from their specific characteristics. we also find that university size does not explain the quality of patents. however, there is significant unobserved heterogeneity at the university level in all models, suggesting that differences in other university characteristics explain a substantial part of the variance in patent quality.
4. title: career progress in centralized academic systems: social capital and institutions in france and italy
authors: michele pezzoni; valerio sterzi; francesco lissoni
abstract: we analyze the role of social capital in academic careers. we distinguish between ties with reputed scientists and laboratories (scientific and technical human capital) and ties with influential actors with respect to recruitment/promotion decisions (political capital). we use institution-wise bibliometric indicators to measure separately the two types of capital for a large sample of french and italian academic physicists between 2000 and 2003/2005. controlling for scientific productivity, seniority and gender issues, career progress is explained by: the scientist's affiliation to important public research organizations (scientific and technical human capital � france); his/her social ties with senior members of the discipline, who exercise control over careers (political capital � italy), and the commitment to work with senior colleagues in his/her own university (political capital � italy). significant differences exist between the two countries also with respect to the importance of productivity, seniority, and gender.
5. title: the temporal trajectories of innovative search: insights from public hospital services
authors: torsten oliver salge
abstract: this article explores the temporal trajectories of innovative search. drawing on conceptual ideas from the behavioural theory of the firm, it proposes that the level of temporal persistence in organisations� innovative search activities is affected by four key factors. these include (i) the mode of innovative search as well as organisations� (ii) strategic aspirations, (iii) slack resources and (iv) performance feedback. this conceptual model is tested in the context of public hospital services in england. results from dynamic panel data analyses reveal stronger temporal persistence in science- than in practice-based innovative search activities. findings also suggest that specialist hospitals relying on a continuous stream of new products, services and processes to meet their strategic aspirations are better positioned to sustain science-based innovative search activities than their generalist counterparts. similarly, results uncover a positive association between the availability of financial slack and hospitals� ability to continuously engage in superior levels of science-based innovative search. contrary to theoretical expectations, however, positive performance feedback does not appear to have any persistence-enhancing effect.
6. title: creative destruction: identifying its geographic origins
authors: brett anitra gilbert
abstract: the fate of regions and industries are often intertwined. when industries thrive, regions and their constituents benefit. however, when industries decline, regions often require new paradigms to replace the old paradigms, and infuse new economic life into the region. this study enhances understanding of the regional characteristics that hinder or promote creative destruction. it enlightens the field on the geographic origins of creative destruction by theorizing about a region's structural (determined by industry clustering and regional knowledge), social demography and political economy attributes, and their influence on the region's capacity to incubate creative destruction.
7. title: creativity, trust and systematic processes in product development
authors: anna brattstr�m; hans l�fsten; anders richtn�r
abstract: this paper addresses the challenge of striking a balance between, on one hand, mitigating uncertainty through the existence of systematic processes and structures and, on the other, stimulating creativity through allowable variation in work processes and structures. both objectives are fundamental aspects of product development work. our main finding is that both objectives can be achieved simultaneously. we introduce trust as a mediating variable. we show first, that being systematic in the processes for obtaining information and applying explicit organizational rules and structures in product development work creates an atmosphere of trust in the organization. second, we show that trust increases creativity. the paper contributes to an understanding of how and why trust is important in product development organizations and of how trust can be actively managed. above all, the paper contributes to the understanding of how uncertainty and creativity should be managed in organizations conducting product development.
8. title: global excellence at the expense of local diffusion, or a bridge between two worlds? research in science and technology in the developing world
authors: h. barnard; r. cowan; m. m�ller
abstract: do world-leading researchers from developing countries contribute to upgrading locally, or do they disengage from the local context? the paper investigates the scientific collaborations of university-based science and technology researchers in the database of the south african national research foundation (nrf), and analyses the co-authorships of researchers who were ranked by the nrf during the 2001�2007 period. to establish the extent to which a researcher can access knowledge outside the south african academic science and technology research community, and share it inside that community, we develop a measure of �gatekeeping�. the evidence suggests that there is not a local/global trade-off in knowledge creation in academia in the developing world, and that the world-leading researchers in developing countries may play an especially important role as conduits of new knowledge in their country.
9. title: intra-plant diffusion of new technology: role of productivity in the study of steel refining furnaces
authors: tsuyoshi nakamura; hiroshi ohashi
abstract: this paper examines intra-plant diffusion of new technology in the japanese steel industry. the introduction of the basic oxygen furnace (bof) was the greatest breakthrough in steel refining in the last century. using unique panel data, the paper estimates total factor productivity by technology type, and associates the estimates with intra-plant diffusion. the paper finds that intra-plant diffusion accounts for about a half of the industry productivity growth. large plants are likely to adopt the new technology earlier, but retain the old technology longer, than their smaller counterparts.
10. title: french firms� strategies for protecting their intellectual property
authors: emilie-pauline galli�; di�go legros
abstract: in attempting to protect their innovations, firms can choose from a range of mechanisms, which may be either non-statutory (trade secrets, design complexity, and lead-time advantage over competitors) or statutory (patent, design registration, trademark, 尊龙游戏旗舰厅官网 copyright). yet, little is known about how firms do actually make their choices from among these different appropriability mechanisms. the aim of this paper is to determine how french firms� use of intellectual property protection mechanisms relates to the type of innovation, the characteristics of the market sector in which they operate, the firms� characteristics, and their human resources strategies. our empirical model draws on four french databases covering the period 2001�2004. our results show that the choice of a means of protection matters and emerges out of a complex strategy. our results also reveal that the different statutory and non-statutory means of protection are complementary within their own categories but hardly so between categories.
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