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volume 60, issue 16, december 2023
1. title: rethinking urban utopianism: the fallacy of social mix in the 15-minute city
authors: giada casarin, julie macleavy, david manley
abstract: the concept of urban living is evolving, and there is a growing interest in creating smaller, more connected, and hyperlocal neighbourhoods, where everything people need is within a 15-minute walk or bike ride. this paper challenges the concept of the �15-minute city� as a panacea for urban ills, by exploring the history of utopian urban planning and regeneration aimed at creating sustainable, inclusive and vibrant communities by desegregating disadvantaged groups. specifically, we examine social mixing policies, which are recurring top-down interventions that pathologise concentrated urban disadvantage. we trace the evolution of these policies in europe from the garden city movement to post-war social housing redevelopment to the current 15-minute city, which we consider to be social mix by stealth. while such policies can reduce the degree of concentrated disadvantage in the short term, they tend to be ineffective in the long term, as deprived neighbourhoods often remain so despite attempts to make them more diverse. the paper argues that the 15-minute city would be implemented through de facto social mix actions at the neighbourhood level, which are insufficient to address the deeper structural issues that perpetuate spatial inequality and deprivation. we propose that longitudinal and comparative analyses, combined with �right to the city� perspectives, should be considered in future research and policymaking to understand � and more importantly address � why urban renewal initiatives that aim for equitable outcomes at the neighbourhood scale ultimately fail to deliver.
2. title: by yourself, yet not alone: making space for loneliness
authors: luzia cassis heu, tom brennecke
abstract: urban designers often aim to reduce the subjective feeling of loneliness through more opportunities for social interaction in (semi-)public space. these approaches may benefit people who feel lonely because they are socially isolated, but they neglect a wide range of other loneliness experiences. indeed, there are various reasons for feeling lonely, which can often not (quickly) be erased by more social contact. strikingly, many lonely people have even been found to prefer, and sometimes benefit from, spending time by themselves. this does, however, not imply that they necessarily prefer to remain in private space. trying to �plan away� aloneness and negative feelings � as visual representation of loneliness � from public space may then exacerbate loneliness: it signals that lonely people are alone with their experiences and can exclude them from the community of people using the same space. we therefore propose a �paradoxical loneliness intervention�, where more space for loneliness eases its painfulness. more specifically, we offer ideas for spaces that cater to the diverse needs of lonely people by (1) de-stigmatising loneliness, (2) providing opportunities to reflect on loneliness, (3) allowing the development pf a sense of belonging and (4) allowing a mental escape of loneliness.
3. title: what if autonomous vehicles had been introduced into cities? a counterfactual analysis
authors: haotian zhong, wei li
abstract: the impact of autonomous vehicles on the spatial size of cities remains ambiguous, as the future is highly uncertain. this paper uses counterfactual analysis techniques to examine the effects of autonomous vehicles on urban expansion for metropolitan areas in the united states if autonomous vehicles had been introduced before. we argue that distance cost and congestion cost, which are the two components of transportation cost with different effects on urban expansion, should be addressed in autonomous vehicle research. by coupling historical data with hypothetical scenarios of introducing autonomous vehicles to cities, we find that urban expansion, rather than urban densification, would have been the dominant effect if autonomous vehicles had been introduced into cities. the finding indicates that if autonomous vehicles are widely adopted in the future, they are likely to have similar, or even larger, effects on future urban expansion than in the counterfactual past.
4. title: commodifying havana? private accumulation, assetisation and marketisation in the cuban metropolis
authors: gertjan wijburg
abstract: in the global south, cities are increasingly restructuring themselves around the financial pressures of international capital markets. therefore, it is sometimes hypothesised that financial innovations created in the global north are moving �south�. however, even though transnational capital is finding its way into southern regions and other areas of reform, the road towards urban commodification is bumpy and uneven. in havana, cuba, the government recently legalised free market home sales, contributing to an unprecedented transnational property boom where many homes were acquired by cuban �migr�s and nationals and converted into restaurants, hotels or short-term rentals. nevertheless, due to endogenous and exogenous market restraints, the pandemic and complex interactions between state authorities and property-owning private entrepreneurs, cuban-style commodification remains an incomplete and contested process. even so, non-debt bearing assetisation pressures are clearly redefining havana�s socialist property market. while the state encourages foreign direct investment into state-owned hotels and joint ventures, transnational remittances contribute to the commodification of havana�s private housing stock.
5. title: the relevance of job accessibility to labour market outcomes: evidence for the s�o paulo metropolitan region
authors: leandro batista duarte, raul da mota silveira neto, diego firmino costa da silva
abstract: focusing on the case of the s�o paulo metropolitan region, the largest urban centre in south america, this study provides evidence of the effect of job accessibility on three different labour market dimensions: participation, employment and informality. the evidence is obtained by combining information about household and employment locations and using a probit model together with an instrumental variable strategy. the results indicate that better job accessibility increases the probability of employment for both males and especially females, with employment probability elasticities of about 0.05% and 0.15%, respectively. in addition, we found that better access to jobs positively influences the probability of participation only for females. the set of evidence favours policies promoting higher residential density, transport infrastructure, and family support services.
6. title: happy city for everyone: generational differences in rural migrant workers� leisure in urban china
authors: zidan mao, fangyu liu, ying zhao
abstract: everyday leisure creates opportunities for migrant�local encounters and these encounters play important roles in urban migrants� lives as they further their integration into the city. however, migrant workers are not homogeneous, with prominent identifiable differences between generations. this current paper analyses migrant workers� leisure patterns and constraints in guangzhou, china, with a particular focus on generational differences. based on survey data collected in 2018, we have identified three leisure patterns, namely transformed (i.e., higher leisure consumption and longer travelled distance for leisure), prolonged (i.e., longer leisure time) and traditional (i.e., lower leisure consumption, shorter leisure time and shorter travelled distance). in addition, significant generational differences are observed: first, while the transformed pattern is predisposed to be the new generation�s choice, almost half of the first generation retains the traditional pattern; second, the first generation tends to report more substantial leisure constraints subjectively, but their leisure patterns are contrarily more affected by objective constraint indicators, such as gender, working hours, living with family members and residential location. the new generation is more influenced by subjective constraint indicators such as their attitude towards leisure, lack of like-minded companions or mobility choices. this study contributes to the extant literature by offering a typology of leisure patterns considering multiple dimensions of leisure behaviours, and further revealing the diversification of migrant workers� leisure life in the dynamic urban context. findings suggest that the two generations may value leisure differently, indicating inevitable lifestyle changes of the newcomers in chinese cities. our findings may also provide some suggestions for policymakers.
7. title: delivering common property in chinese contractual communities: law, power and practice
authors: yiru jia, nicky morrison, franziska sielker
abstract: this paper examines how common property is produced and delineated in contractual communities in china. shanghai, one of the most developed chinese cities with a burgeoning housing market, is used as a case study. the research analyses the power relations between land, construction and housing departments within shanghai district governments and with developers, specifically, during the development phases of land leasing, construction permission and ownership registration. drawing on the theoretical framework of new institutionalism, and its conception of path dependency in urban space, the article sheds light on what has led to the infringement on homeowners� common property by developers. in a weak legal and regulatory system for property development, the departments within district governments shirk responsibility to each other, whereas developers hold considerable power. the article concludes that common property bears the imprint of power dynamics set in motion in the development phase and thus requires greater recognition.
8. title: recommoning water: crossing thresholds under citizen-driven remunicipalisation
authors: dona geagea, maria kaika, jampel dell�angelo
abstract: since 2008, the call to �remunicipalise� water resources has become a key strategy for water movements across europe. remunicipalisation aimed at opposing the new wave of privatisation programmes and water commodification incentivised under austerity frameworks. however, the water movements� lack of direct engagement with questions of re/commoning resulted in under-explored links, in practitioner and scholarly arenas, between demands for water remunicipalisation and practices of commoning. this article brings into dialogue the bodies of literature on commoning and remunicipalisation. it examines the conditions which enable crossing the paradigm threshold from municipal governance, towards more collective and situated models of water governance rooted in practices of commoning. the article operationalises the concept of recommoning water to capture this process, and proposes an analytical definition grounded in a case study of water remunicipalisation in terrassa, spain. in 2019, terrassa achieved remunicipalisation to create a citizen water observatory. the empirical findings demonstrate that water activists in terassa�s observatory are reclaiming and reproducing the commons on a daily basis through a process of experimentation with institutional bricolage and (re)negotiation of power and autonomy. this citizen-led observatory is ensuring that resources are shared in common, are used for the common good and are reproducing the commons. the study concludes that water remunicipalisation can act as an important step for enabling processes of recommoning. nevertheless, the institutionalisation of recommoning water under a public management regime is confronted with multifaceted tensions that merit attention from both activists and policymakers.
9. title: gentrifying with family wealth: parental gifts and neighbourhood sorting among young adult owner-occupants
authors: wouter van gent, rik damhuis, sako musterd
abstract: this paper assesses the role of parental gifts in neighbourhood sorting among young adult homebuyers. we make use of high-quality individual-level registry data for two large urban metropolitan areas in the netherlands. while previous studies have shown that young adults receiving gifts purchase more expensive housing, little is known about the role of gifts in where young adults buy. our study finds that parental gifts flow into the housing market in a spatially-uneven way. movers supported by substantial parental gifts are more likely to enter owner-occupied housing in high-status and gentrifying urban neighbourhoods compared to movers without gifts. this study shows that this can only partially be explained by household and parental characteristics and by the uneven distribution of housing values. the remaining effect suggests that parental gifts also play a role in trade-offs regarding spatial residential decision-making. the conclusion discusses the ramifications of our findings for debates on (re)production of class and intra-generational inequalities through housing, and provides avenues for further research.
10. title: obliged smart freedom: the singaporean experience of advanced neoliberal-developmental governance
authors: aisha sobey
abstract: despite criticism, the smart city solutionist rhetoric has gained popularity and investment across the world. in response, this paper interrogates the notion of neutrality in smart city projects and investigates the resulting rationales of the smart brand as a technology of control. the paper develops nikolas rose�s argument that a central tenet of liberal governance is to create, and then obligate, a desirable form of freedom, through a framework of economic maximisation, self-responsibility and autonomy. this framework is applied to the singaporean smart nation as a neoliberal-developmental state to consider how the smart city can be understood as a governance technique. the research is undertaken through a mixed method analysis to unpick the discursive frameworks shaping how individuals navigate the smart city. this approach identifies one of the many ways realities have become governable, to provide a relational perspective through the juxtaposition of government and citizen experiences. data is drawn from three key government documents, an online survey of singaporean residents (n = 255), and key informant interviews (n = 9). the results demonstrate the potential of the digital environment of singapore to oblige freedom to engender a compliant population. in addition, the singaporean case highlights the need for contextualised analysis of smart city projects to explore the governance potential, especially beyond the western perspective.
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11. title: infrastructure: new trajectories in law
authors: philip hubbard, regan koch, austin kocher, sarah klosterkamp, mariana valverde
abstract: the article reviews the book �infrastructure: new trajectories in law� by mariana valverde.
12. title: dream states: smart cities, technology, and the pursuit of urban utopias
authors: giulia belloni
abstract: the article reviews the book �dream states: smart cities, technology, and the pursuit of urban utopias� by john lorinc.
13. title: iot and big data analytics for smart cities: a global perspective
authors: toddy aditya, rahmayati rahmayanti
abstract: the article reviews the book �
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