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delivery arrangement entails public organizations directly incorporating volunteers in service production through a quasi-employment relationship. however, research evaluating the contributions of volunteer labor to organizational performance are relatively few. this article fills this gap by drawing from two theoretical insights. first, this study tests a linear model based on the traditional human resource management approach of interchangeability in which volunteers constitute a one-on-one substitute for paid employees. second, this study draws insight from critical mass theory to explore a nonlinear model based on the assumption that the productivity of one volunteer may not be equal to that of one paid employee due to the systematic limitations of volunteer labor. analyzing a five wave panel dataset of 484 local law enforcement agencies in the united states that utilize sworn volunteers with general arrest powers, the findings indicate that an increase in the number of sworn volunteers has a linear negative effect on clearing violent crimes in sheriffs offices. however, the results also indicate evidence of curvilinear effects on clearing violent crimes in police departments. this article suggests the need to account for the systematic limitations of volunteer labor when measuring performance and to explore multiple indicators. this study contributes to theory building and testing by enabling a two-way understanding of the relationship between volunteer involvement and organizational performance in the public sector. 2. title: administrative burden in citizen�state interactions: a systematic literature review authors: aske halling and martin baekgaard abstract: based on a systematic review of 119 articles and working papers, we provide an overview of how administrative burdens in citizen�state interactions have been studied since the inception of the research agenda in 2012. we develop a new and comprehensive model of how key concepts in the framework are related, assess the evidence of the causal relationships proposed by the model, and discuss where more evidence is needed. empirical research supports conventional claims that burdens are consequential, distributive, and constructed. however, the literature has moved further by (1) demonstrating that factors such as frontline service delivery and government communication influence experiences of burdens; (2) highlighting how factors beyond ideology influence constructions of burdens; (3) introducing the burden tolerance concept; (4) illustrating that experiences of burden influence policymakers� and members of the publics� burden tolerance. based on the review, we propose an agenda for future administrative burden research. we call for studies linking experiences of burden to outcomes such as democratic behavior and take-up, and for studies connecting policymakers� burden tolerance to actual state actions. moreover, we argue that future studies should use qualitative methods to further explore the nature of burdens from the perspective of citizens, rely on experimental methods to establish causal links between state actions and experiences of burden, and compare burdens across contexts. further, empirical studies should examine the tradeoffs between legitimacy and experiences of burden, and how actors outside the citizen�state interaction may influence experiences of administrative burden. 3. title: the role of intermediate collaborative forums in polycentric environmental governance authors: adam wiechman and others abstract: in complex, polycentric environmental governance systems, actors may choose to collaborate with one another to reduce their collective vulnerability and enhance system function. however, collaboration can be costly, and little evidence exists for how particular collaborative forums impact the broader governance system in which they are embedded. to address this gap, we investigate the role of intermediate collaborative forums, which support collaboration among a subset of system actors, in polycentric governance systems. empirically, we analyze the structural and functional role of an intermediate collaborative forum called the arizona municipal water users association (amwua) within the municipal surface water governance network for the phoenix metropolitan area (pma) in arizona, united states. to do this, we draw from 21 interviews with water professionals in the pma, which we analyze through a combination of network analysis and qualitative coding. we find that amwua facilitates strong bonding capacities among members, allowing for streamlined bridging to the rest of the network that enhances information processing and advocacy of member needs. our findings advance theory on the role of collaboration in polycentric systems and inform the design of collaborative institutions to improve environmental governance. 4. title: assessing the effects of user accountability in contracting out authors: marc esteve and others abstract: how does contracting out affect service performance? evidence to date is mixed. we argue that this is partially due to prior studies focusing often on whether�not how�services are contracted. yet, how services are contracted matters. in particular, we argue that whether users pay user fees for services to contractors affects efficiency. where they do, contractor revenue depends on user satisfaction and contractors face incentives to provide quality services to users to retain revenue. where, by contrast, governments fund services, information asymmetry about the quality of services users receive allows contractors to shirk quality. the assertion is substantiated by empirical evidence derived from a comprehensive analysis of conditional efficiency within the water supply services across 2,111 municipalities in spain, employing a two-stage conditional order-m data panel estimation. our results show that contracting out where users pay service fees and thus have incentives to hold contractors accountable outperforms contracting out without user fees in quality-adjusted service provision. 5. title: trickle-down burdens: the effect of provider burdens on clients� experience authors: katie zuber and others abstract: administrative burden research disproportionately examines micro-level burdens on clients claiming benefits from public agencies. yet we know little about meso-level burdens on third-party providers making up the submerged state�private actors working on behalf of a public purpose�and what effect these burdens have on services. we draw on interviews, participant observation, and focus groups with substance-use disorder service providers to map provider burdens and how they affect services that third parties offer. we supplement the provider perspective with data from clients and their families about their experience with services. we find that providers face significant administrative burdens resulting from federal and state policy; that these burdens affect the quality of the services they are able to offer; and, ultimately, that burdens on providers can trickle down to become burdens on clients. our research has implications for how we understand administrative burdens, the solutions best suited to reducing them, and the role of burdens as a form of hidden politics in the submerged state. 6. title: decentralization and corruption in public service delivery: local institutional arrangements that can help reduce governance risks authors: alan zarychta and others abstract: decentralization reform has both advantages and risks. bringing service delivery �closer to the people� can improve information flows and strengthen accountability, but it may also leave systems vulnerable to elite capture and corruption by municipal government officials. while past research has acknowledged the possibility of corruption under decentralization, relatively little work has connected those risks to features of these reforms or specific local institutional arrangements. to explore the conditions that can help mitigate the risks of corruption under decentralization, we study the case of health sector reform in honduras where municipal governments, associations, and ngos each serve as intermediary-managing organizations under a common decentralized health service delivery model. we argue that three types of institutional arrangements reflecting local accountability practices serve as checks on the authority granted through decentralization and can help guard against corruption: external supervision, civil society engagement, and public participation. empirically, we draw on data from more than 600 street-level bureaucrats, valuable but under-utilized informants about municipal corruption, across a matched sample of 65 municipalities with contrasting forms of administration. we find that reported corruption is highest under decentralization led by municipal governments, as compared to association- or ngo-led varieties. both external supervision and civil society engagement help attenuate the positive association between decentralization and corruption, but public participation does not. overall, this research highlights the importance of considering reform features and local conditions when designing policies to help manage risks and support effective social sector decentralization. 7. title: the relationship between how agencies work together and coordinated outcomes: a configurational analysis authors: michael roberts and anita milman abstract: coordination mandates are used to steer collective action between local government agencies. when higher levels of government allow agencies to choose how to work together, the organizational forms and institutional arrangements they adopt likely influences their ability to achieve mandated coordinated outcomes. how group-level interactions influence achievement of coordinated outcomes is not well understood. california�s sustainable groundwater management act (sgma) provides opportunity to shed light on this topic. sgma is a state-legislative mandate that requires local agencies who share groundwater basins to undertake groundwater sustainability planning. the mandate affords agencies leeway in deciding how they engage with one another so long as they meet multiple requirements for coordinated outcomes. drawing on institutional theories of collective action and ethnographic data collected from 2018 to 2022, we employ multi-value qualitative comparative analysis to examine how configurations of organizational forms and institutional arrangements adopted by agencies in eighteen groundwater basins influenced their achievement of coordinated outcomes. our findings highlight the importance of adopting collaborative institutional arrangements. yet, the specific configuration of collaborative institutional arrangements varies depending on the type of coordinated outcomes agencies are mandated to achieve. these findings point to the need for mandates to require adoption of collaborative institutional arrangements, the specific configurations of which will be dictated by the requirements of the mandate. 8. title: improving delivery of the social safety net: the role of stigma authors: jessica lasky-fink and elizabeth linos abstract: many low-income households in the united states miss out on social safety net benefits because of the information, compliance, and psychological costs associated with take-up of government assistance. yet, the empirical evidence on the impact of learning and psychological costs on take-up, and how to reduce them, is mixed. leaning on an administrative burden framework, this article measures the role of reducing learning costs and stigma on demand for rental assistance in two field experiments (n = 117,073) conducted in two us cities. we find that providing information about emergency rental assistance increased program application requests by 52% compared to a no-communication control group. moreover, subtle framing changes aimed at destigmatizing rental assistance increased engagement with the communication by 36% and increased application requests by about 18% relative to an information only group, with potentially larger effects for renters of color. in two subsequent online experiments (n = 1,258), we document that the destigmatizing framing reduces internalized stigma, without affecting perceptions of the program itself. 9. title: rulemaking speed in the us states authors: graeme t boushey and robert j mcgrath abstract: this paper explores the speed of rulemaking in american state governments. drawing on a unique data set of over 250,000 individual rules issued by states from 1993 through 2009, we introduce new measures of the speed and breadth of rulemaking in american state bureaucracies, providing a new way of evaluating the incidence of rulemaking delay within and across governments. we focus specifically on how professionalism and oversight powers of state legislative and executive branches affect rulemaking speed and find that states with more professionalized legislatures and governments with extensive legislative/executive oversight powers experience greater delays in rule adoption. these findings provide important new insights into the politics of regulatory delay and suggest disparate ways in which sub-national governments approach regulatory policymaking in a federal system. 10. title: responding to environmental uncertainties in critical supply acquisition: an examination of contracting for personal protective equipment (ppe) in the aftermath of covid-19 authors: eric j boyer abstract: while prior research has long identified the centrality of critical supply acquisition to the government�s response to a crisis, there is less understanding of how to secure critical supplies that depend on global supply chains. the acquisition of personal protective equipment (ppe) in the immediate aftermath of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak (covid-19) proved challenging not only due to threats of contractor deception but also due to disruptions in contractor supply chains. this research analyzes primary interview data with contracting officials involved in purchasing ppe in the early stages of the covid-19 crisis. the results indicate the ways that contractor relationships were perceived useful in anticipating risks surrounding a contractor�s behavior (behavioral uncertainties), but insufficient in anticipating disruptions that can result from a contractor�s supply chains (environmental uncertainties). contractor relations were perceived to help in predicting industry disruptions, but such relations were likely to be formed alongside transactional and short-term contract designs�and likely to require comparison with other data sources. the results indicate that improving the reliability of critical supply acquisition for future crises is likely to depend on developing expertise in supply chain analysis, especially as the u.s. government increasingly relies on global supply chains in critical supply acquisition. 11. title: an analysis of micro-scale conflict in collaborative governance authors: nicola ulibarri abstract: conflict is the forgotten sibling of collaborative governance. variably framed as an alternative to collaboration, a contextual feature shaping interpersonal interactions, or an obstacle to be overcome via deliberation, conflict lurks in the background of discourse about collaboration. however, few theories of collaboration directly address the role of conflict, and those that do focus on conflict as a macro-scale phenomenon, characteristic of a governance forum or participating organizations. given the importance of short term, person-to-person interactions in shaping the overall trajectory of collaborative dynamics and outcomes, a micro-scale analysis of collaborative conflict is warranted. this article develops a framework for evaluating the role of micro-scale conflict in collaborative governance, drawing on the case of negotiations to relicense hydropower dams in the central valley of california, usa. data sources include 4 years of meeting observations, interviews with participating stakeholders, and written comments submitted during the process. the work first classifies all instances of disagreement observed during the negotiations to develop a typology of micro-scale conflict. it then compares differences in the frequency, type, and management of disagreements in high and low collaboration relicensings to explore the interaction between conflict dynamics and overall collaborative approach. in the high collaboration case, interpersonal disagreements occurred frequently, were more dynamic and mutable over time, and served to elaborate and refine management approaches. by evaluating conflict dynamics that occur at the scale of an individual interaction and the positive and negative roles they play in shaping collaborative outcomes, this research moves 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