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��ࡱ�>�� r�h bjbj�.�.2�d�g�d�g�� 66��8��,��q�:::�p�p�p�p�p�p�p$us� vfq9�:::::q��4iqhhh:��ph:�phhh��p��xvh�p_q0�qhqv�lqvhh�0qv��m::h:::::qq.:::�q::::��qv:::::::::6b�: global environmental change volume 87, issue 4, july 2024 1. title: tracking the global anthropogenic gallium cycle during 2000�2020: a trade-linked multiregional material flow analysis authors: ziyan gao, yong geng, meng li, jing-jing liang, khaoula houssini abstract: byproduct metals are essential to global low carbon transition since they are irreplaceable in modern renewable energy technologies. gallium (ga) is classified as one critical byproduct metal due to its extensive use in electronic applications and low carbon technologies, as well as its limited resource endowment. it is urgent to uncover the global and regional ga stocks and flows so that the potential supply risks can be mitigated. this study maps the global and regional ga cycles for the period of 2000�2020 by employing a trade-linked multiregional material flow analysis (mfa) method. our results show that 79% of the global ga co-mined from bauxite ended up in red mud or entered the aluminum cycle as an impurity, indicating a significant recycling potential. different involved regions have different but complementary roles in the global ga supply chain. china dominates the global primary ga production, accounting for 97% of the global total in 2020. japan and the united states are key players in high-purity ga refining and rely on ga to support their electronic devices manufacturing. unfortunately, ga recycling practices are still not occurring due to the low ga concentrations in major applications. since the global demand for ga will continue to grow in the near future, it is urgent to initiate collaborative efforts so that ga recycling can be enhanced. these efforts are critical to ensure the sustainable ga supply and facilitate the global transition toward low carbon development. 2. title: greening to shield: the impacts of extreme rainfall on economic activity in latin american cities authors: rafael van der borght, montserrat pallares-barbera abstract: latin american cities are increasingly impacted by floods and this trend is likely to be further exacerbated under the combined effects of climate change and urbanisation. to reduce urban flood risk, green infrastructure and the ability to preserve and rehabilitate green spaces is often mentioned as an option to improve the hydraulic response of cities. yet, little empirical evidence exists about the degree to which a greener city land cover can reduce the impacts of extreme rainfall on urban economic activity. using earth observations from 630 cities across latin america, this paper shows that extreme rainfall has a negative impact on urban economic activity, as proxied by cities� night lights. importantly, it finds that this negative impact diminishes as city�s land cover becomes greener: for cities where dense vegetation represents more than 20 % of total city area, the marginal impact of extreme rainfall is broadly halved vis-a-vis cities below this threshold. a counterfactual analysis for the year 2015 suggests that increasing the greenness of 25 % of the cities in our sample could have reduced losses by us$ 6,500 million -equivalent to a 19 % reduction of total estimated losses. these results evidence the benefits that a greener city land cover that makes room for green infrastructure can provide to adapt to more erratic rainfall patterns. 3. title: methodological issues with deforestation baselines compromise the integrity of carbon offsets from redd authors: thales a.p. west, barbara bomfim, barbara k. haya abstract: the number of voluntary interventions seeking to generate carbon offsets by reducing deforestation and forest degradation, generally known as redd projects, has increased significantly over the past decade. offsets are issued based on project performance in comparison to a baseline scenario representing the expected deforestation in a project area in the absence of redd . baselines from most ongoing redd projects were established following four methodologies approved by the largest voluntary carbon offset certification scheme worldwide, the verified carbon standard (vcs) from verra. these methodologies often rely on oversimplified assumptions about deforestation that remain overlooked by project developers, certification bodies, and buyers. here, we explore what these methodological assumptions are and their implications. we then construct alternative deforestation baselines for four ongoing vcs-certified projects using the four vcs-redd methodologies and examine how they differ. overall, we observe large discrepancies among the project baselines. on average, the highest baseline value we calculate for each project is more than 14 times greater than the lowest value across the four projects studied. this illustrates the lack of robustness and consistency across the vcs-redd methodologies. the results also call into question the additionality of carbon offsets issued based on these methodologies. new baseline methods need to be urgently developed if voluntary redd projects are to reliably estimate their additional contribution to climate change mitigation. the incorporation of causal inference methods represents current best practices in measuring the efficacy of redd interventions. regrettably, these methods remain largely overlooked by project developers, certification standards, and governmental and international bodies. dynamic baselines developed by independent analysts could potentially enable project developers to distinguish the impacts of the redd intervention from confounding factors and properly estimate additionality. 4. title: from grey to green? tipping a coal region incrementally authors: franziska mey, arno weik, johan lilliestam abstract: a rapid and full decarbonisation of both energy and industry is essential to meet the targets in the paris agreement, which brings coal- and carbon-intensive regions under significant pressure. some regions have advanced in their transition and can provide insights in the system change processes. in this paper, we investigate the socio-economic transition processes of essen and duisburg as part of the wider structural change in the ruhr region/ germany. we explore causes and effects of their trajectories in the last 30 years and identify differences in outcome as a function of the interventions and/or contextual differences, while investigating whether either city crossed a tipping point in their transition process (yet). therefore, we specifically evaluate the cities� development trajectories by seeking evidence for �no�, �incremental� or �radical or tipping� changes in sets of qualitative and quantitative indicators. our analysis shows that both cities experienced incremental changes in their demographic, economic and political trajectories but we found no evidence for either city to have crossed a tipping point in their transition process yet. however, distinct developments in the cities� policy narratives and visions indicate qualitative changes while putting them on different development trajectories potentially leading to tipping points in the future. our study shows that the sequence of interventions and timing are important factors for the trajectory of a region determining the quality of societal change. it also suggests that radical change and tipping are the exception rather than the rule, especially in the highly complex social systems of cities. 5. title: biological invasions as burdens to primary economic sectors authors: anna j. turbelin, emma j. hudgins, jane a. catford, ross n. cuthbert, ... franck courchamp abstract: many human-introduced alien species economically impact industries worldwide. management prioritisation and coordination efforts towards biological invasions are hampered by a lack of comprehensive quantification of costs to key economic sectors. here, we quantify and estimate global invasion costs to seven major sectors and unravel the introduction pathways of species causing these costs � focusing mainly on primary economic sectors: agriculture, fisheries and forestry. from 1970 to 2020, costs reported in the invacost database as pertaining to agriculture, fisheries, and forestry totaled $509 bn, $1.3 bn, and $134 bn, respectively (in 2017 united states dollars). pathways of costly species were diverse, arising predominantly from cultural and agricultural activities, through unintentional contaminants with trade, and often impacted different sectors than those for which species were initially introduced. costs to agriculture were pervasive and greatest in at least 37 % (n = 46/123) of the countries assessed, with the united states accumulating the greatest costs for primary sectors ($365 bn), followed by china ($101 bn), and australia ($36 bn). we further identified 19 countries highly economically reliant on agriculture, fisheries, and forestry that are experiencing massive economic impacts from biological invasions, especially in the global south. based on an extrapolation to fill cost data gaps, we estimated total global costs ranging from at least $517�1,400 bn for agriculture, $5.7�6.5 bn for fisheries, and $142�768 bn for forestry, evidencing substantial underreporting in the forestry sector in particular. burgeoning global invasion costs challenge sustainable development and highlight the need for improved management action to reduce future impacts on industry. with rapidly rising biological invasion rates, efficient management is critical for economic and environmental impact mitigation. specifically, improved quantification of the economic cost of biological invasions to the world�s primary economic sectors could provide crucial information for policymakers who must prioritise actions to limit ongoing and future impacts. we show that since 1970, over $600 bn in impacts has been incurred across agriculture, fisheries and forestry, with the largest share reported in agriculture. we further identify 19 countries, which rely heavily on primary sectors, facing comparatively high impacts from invasions, requiring urgent action. however, gaps in cost reporting across invasive taxa and countries suggest that these impacts are grossly underestimated. proactive prioritisation by policymakers is needed to mitigate future impacts to primary sectors. 6. title: migrants as sustainability actors: contrasting nation, city and migrant discourses and actions authors: claudia fry, emily boyd, mark connaughton, w. neil adger, ... ed carr abstract: although it is widely recognized that migration is socially transformative, the potential contributions of migrants to transformations towards sustainability in their destination areas are often overlooked in mainstream discourse on environmentalism and sustainability. here we seek to identify current narratives of migrants and sustainability across individual, urban, and national scales. migrants are commonly framed in public policy as having no or even negative impacts on sustainability. the study hypotheses that the lived experience of sustainability by migrants within urban destinations differ from dominant discourses and perceptions of migrant populations within societies. we test and document such divergence using data from 21 interviews with key stakeholders from the city and swedish national level, an attitudinal survey of 895 migrants and non-migrants in malm�, sweden; and a media analysis of local and national swedish newspapers. survey results show that migrants engage more extensively with a number of sustainability actions compared to non-migrants culminating in new insights on �migrants as sustainability actors�. by contrasting individual scale practices against urban to national sustainability narratives, the study illuminates current barriers to and the potential of migrants to play a transformative role in progress towards sustainability that is unrecognized in dominant policy discourses. to tap into this potential, the study emphasizes that sustainability policy across scales should embrace plurality and migration as fundamental parts of progress towards sustainability. 7. title: impact of lifestyle, human diet and nutrient use efficiency in food production on eutrophication of global aquifers and surface waters authors: a.f. bouwman, a.h.w. beusen, j.c. doelman, e. stehfest, h. westhoek abstract: a spatially explicit (0.5 degree resolution) analysis is presented of the impact of human lifestyle, diet and nutrient use efficiency in food production and wastewater treatment on exceedance of threshold concentrations for nitrate in groundwater, and total n and total p concentrations in surface water, as well as criteria for their ratio. this analysis starts from the middle-of-the-road (ssp2) and the sustainability (ssp1) shared socio-economic pathways (ssp), focusing on the year 2050. the scenarios with changed lifestyle assume a reduction of food wastage and a low-meat diet for all world inhabitants, implying large reductions of meat and milk consumption and production in industrialized countries. scenarios with improved nutrient use efficiencies assume maximum achievable efficiencies under practical conditions. the ssp2 scenario combined with assumptions on lifestyle and human diet leads to improvement in industrialized countries only, and increased levels in many other regions. a strong improvement is achieved in ssp1, but not in many developing countries, and ssp1 combined with changed lifestyle leads to improvement of groundwater and surface water quality in industrialized countries only. therefore, changed lifestyle needs to be combined with efforts to improve the efficiency in food production systems and wastewater treatment to achieve reductions of the area affected by groundwater contamination and eutrophication of surface waters. reduction strategies need to find a balance between n and p, since it is easier to reduce n in rivers to levels below the threshold than p. 8. title: variation in under-5 mortality attributable to anomalous precipitation during el ni�o�southern oscillation cycles: assessment of the intertemporal inequality in child health authors: tao xue, jingyi wu, fangzhou li, mingkun tong, ... pengfei li abstract: to explore the health effect of anomalous precipitation on deaths among children younger than 5 years (under-5 deaths) in low- and middle-income countries (lmics).based on a sample of 1.6 million children from 56 lmics, we conducted a sibling-matched cox regression model to examine the association between under-5 deaths and anomalous precipitation in annual average. we established a nonlinear exposure�response function to characterize heterogeneity in the association, and checked its robustness by conducting a few sensitivity analyses. to illustrate absolute risks embedded in the complex climate-health linkage, across 100 lmics, we calculated burden of under-5 deaths attributable to anomalous precipitation, and showed how the burden varied with the el ni�o�southern oscillation (enso), a well-known predictable climate pattern affecting the rainfall cycle. we focused on the intertemporal inequality in the attributable burden.the epidemiological analyses showed a robust negative association between anomalous precipitation and under-5 deaths for arid areas, and a potentially positive association for humid areas. the anomalous precipitation was significantly associated to an intertemporal inequality in under-5 mortality. across the 100 lmics, 26.7% or 134 million under-5 children lived in enso-sensitive areas. among them, anomalous rainfall decreased under-5 deaths by 46,246 (ci: 24,599�68,703) during an el ni�o year (october 2015 to september 2016), and increased under-5 deaths by 77,505 (ci: 55,890�99,815) during a la ni�a year (march 2008 to february 2009) across the 100 lmics.anomalous precipitation can lead to intertemporal inequality in child health. healthcare resources should be allocated according to predicted variability in precipitation, such as enso-mediated extreme rainfall. 9. title: discourses of climate inaction undermine public support for 1.5 �c lifestyles authors: catherine cherry, caroline verfuerth, christina demski abstract: urgent action to tackle the climate crisis will only be possible with significant public support for radical lifestyle change. arguments that seek to delay climate action and justify inadequate mitigation efforts, often termed �discourses of delay�, are widespread within political and media debate on climate change. here we report the results of novel public deliberation and visioning workshops, conducted across the uk in 2020/2021 to explore visions of a 1.5 �c future. we found that despite very strong public support for many low-carbon lifestyle strategies in principle, entrenched discourses of delay are limiting beliefs that a fair, low-carbon future is possible. consisting of four overarching narratives of climate inaction (resisting personal responsibility; rejecting the need for urgency; believing change is impossible; and defending the social contract), this public discourse of delay is characterised by three distinct repertoires (each with its own emotional resonance), that act to weaken support for climate action by producing defensive responses to discussions of low-carbon lifestyle change and undermining public sense of agency. we argue that countering these narratives, and the defensive responses they invoke, is essential for achieving meaningful public action on climate change. 10. title: does stricter sewage treatment targets policy exacerbate the contradiction between effluent water quality improvement and carbon emissions mitigation? an evidence from china authors: xuan yang, cuncun duan, bin chen, saige wang abstract: rapid expansion and upgrading of wastewater treatment facilities globally, driven by stricter wastewater policies, significantly contribute to carbon emissions. china has contributed 30 % of carbon emissions in the world, 1 % of which comes from wastewater treatment, necessitating more understanding of the impact of policies, especially the stringent �10-point water plan� policy. from a micro perspective, this study uses the difference-in-differences method to analyze the impact of wastewater treatment policies on water and carbon issues in china�s 2894 wastewater treatment plants (wwtps), and delves into the heterogeneity, and mechanisms across various dimensions. the results show that stricter sewage treatment policy decrease effluent concentration of the chemical oxygen demand (cod) by 2.35 %, and also cause a 1.74 % rise in carbon emissions per 10,000 m3 of wastewater treated, intensifying the short-term contradiction, while the contradictions may fall in the long term. it is more significant in southern regions and the cities with lower environmental regulation intensity. also, there are significant differences in different wastewater treatment technology and scale. significant improvements in effluent water quality are observed in wwtps with 100,000 to 200,000 m3/day capacity and those using biofilm treatment technology. through mechanism analysis, reasonable expansion of urban pipelines and wwtps, promotion of biofilm treatment technology, reduction of energy consumption, and improvement of pollutant reduction efficiency are feasible paths to improve water quality and reduce carbon emissions. this research provides a perspective on solving water-carbon contradictions in wwtps, holding critical significance for urban wastewater treatment and carbon emission management. 11. title: are energy transitions reproducing inequalities? power, social stigma and distributive (in)justice in mexico authors: paola velasco-herrej�n, thomas bauwens abstract: activists, scholars, and policymakers worldwide have increasingly recognised the intrinsic linkages between energy transitions and justice issues. however, little research exists on how groups affected by renewable energy siting interpret and mobilise justice narratives to legitimise their actions and question development plans. building on the notion of 'framing' in social movement theory, this study addresses this gap by examininig the discourses adopted by people resisting wind energy developments in the isthmus of tehuantepec, mexico. the study relies on 64 interviews and participant observation. the findings indicate that anti-wind activists used health and environmental concerns instrumentally: as a framing device to avoid social rejection and legitimise other, subtler distributive concerns about the uneven allocation of economic benefits such as tenancy payments. although this framing was counterproductive and left their concerns unaddressed, activists adopted this strategy because of community norms and practises that stigmatise the explicit discussion of economic inequalities and their fear of challenging existing power structures. this paper therefore highlights the social mechanisms through which energy transitions reproduce economic inequalities. as a policy recommendation, it is critical to consider how inequalities are framed and the underlying reasons for these interpretive schemes to advance socially just net-zero scenarios. 12. title: climate beliefs, climate technologies and transformation pathways: contextualizing public perceptions in 22 countries authors: livia fritz, chad m. baum, elina brutschin, sean low, benjamin k. sovacool abstract: as emerging methods for carbon removal and controversial proposals around solar radiation modification are gaining traction in climate assessments and policy debates, a better understanding of how the public perceives these approaches is needed. relying on qualitative data from 44 focus groups (n = 323 respondents), triangulated with a survey conducted in 22 countries (n = over 22 000 participants), we examine the role that climate change beliefs and attitudes towards climate action play in the formation of public perceptions of methods for carbon removal and solar radiation modification. we find that nationally varying degrees of perceived personal harm from climate change and climate worry predict support for these technologies. in addition to different perceptions of the problem, varying perceptions of the solution i.e. the scope of climate action needed " shape publics assessment. various tensions manifest themselves in publics reflections on the potential contribution of these climate technologies to climate action, including buying time vs. delaying action , treating the symptoms vs. tackling the root causes�, and �urgency to act vs. effects only in the distant future�. we find that public perceptions are embedded in three broader narratives about transformation pathways, each reflecting varying notions of responsibility: (i) behavior change-centred pathways, (ii) top-down and industry-centred pathways, and (iii) technology-centred pathways. these results suggest that support for the deployment of the climate technologies studied hinges on them being tied to credible system-wide decarbonization efforts as well as their ability to effectively respond to a variety of perceived climate impacts. 13. title: pathways to conventional and radical climate action: the role of temporal orientation, environmental cognitive alternatives, and eco-anxiety authors: charlie r. pittaway, kelly s. fielding, winnifred r. louis abstract: motivating climate action is challenging because the worst consequences of climate change are in the future, triggering a conflict between short- and long-term interests. prior research suggests that orienting to the future facilitates pro-environmental behavior whereas orientation to the present inhibits it; however, we consider whether different temporal orientations simply make some kinds of climate action more attractive than others. the present study tests this using structural equation modeling with two australian samples. in a first exploratory model (n = 967), followed by a direct, pre-registered replication (n = 953), we examine how two facets of temporal orientation � consideration of future and immediate consequences � predict intentions to engage in three kinds of climate action at individual and collective levels: conventional private-sphere, conventional public-sphere, and radical public-sphere climate action. consistent with past research, higher consideration of future consequences and lower consideration of immediate consequences are associated with intentions to take conventional action directly and indirectly via eco-anxiety and/or access to environmental cognitive alternatives. in contrast, consideration of future and immediate consequences are only indirectly related to intentions to take radical action. 14. title: a global multi-indicator assessment of the environmental impact of livestock products authors: giorgio a. bidoglio, florian schwarzmueller, thomas kastner abstract: driven by a growing and more affluent population, changing diets and lifestyles, the demand for livestock products is expected to surge in the next decades. satisfying this demand will result in additional pressures on land systems. the increasingly globalized supply chains of the livestock economy will further decouple many of these impacts from the places where livestock are reared. in this study, we determined the impact intensities of global livestock production across three environmental indicators: deforestation, biodiversity loss and marine eutrophication. to this end, we used global data on the production of crops (and grass), their trade and use as feed in livestock-production systems, as well as livestock production data. we found the highest deforestation and biodiversity impact intensities in the tropics in central and south america, southeast asia and central western africa. in contrast, the highest values for marine eutrophication intensities were found in countries located in northern europe and in south and in east asia. our analyses show differences caused by varying efficiencies in livestock production systems and by the sourcing patterns of feed items. in grazing systems for the production of ruminant meat, for example, the resulting impact intensities are dominated by the consumption of grass. in intensive and industrialized production systems, the bulk of the deforestation and, to a lesser extent, biodiversity impacts are linked to imported soybean feed. our results can help identify livestock production systems and countries that would qualify as priority action targets, as well as potential entry points to make their livestock production systems more sustainable. they can also be used to assist consumers in comparing impacts across and within livestock food product types. ultimately, understanding the environmental impacts embodied in global supply chains of livestock products can help create better regulatory policies and science-based interventions for protecting terrestrial and marine ecosystems. 15. title: progress and gaps in u.s. adaptation policy at the local level authors: bethany tietjen, jenna clark, erin coughlan de perez abstract: as climate impacts intensify, local governments across the united states are developing ad-hoc policies and plans to increase their resilience to climate hazards across all sectors, but there is limited assessment of what policies currently exist in u.s. communities to adapt to climate change. in this article, we develop a novel policy inventory for adaptation policies in five u.s. counties. using a comprehensive definition of adaptation policy that includes policies that do not explicitly mention climate change, and a new taxonomy for coding these policies in a u.s. context, we identify 508 policies across these five locations. through analysis of these policy inventories and interviews with local stakeholders, we identify four thematic policy gaps, as well as a major gap in policies to address extreme heat across all five locations. this first-of-its-kind climate policy assessment provides both a novel methodology to benchmark progress as well as recommendations for investment in local adaptation to climate change across the united states. 16. title: the value of property rights and environmental policy in brazil: evidence from a new database on land prices authors: fanny moffette, daniel phaneuf, lisa rausch, holly k. gibbs abstract: lack of property rights is associated with lower investment, development, and welfare. in the brazilian amazon, insecure property rights have historically led to civil conflicts and deforestation, which would be expected to provide incentives for landowners to seek formal title. in this paper, we construct a novel database of land prices in brazil to measure the market value of formal title to land and compliance with environmental regulation. using online advertisements of land sale offers scraped from a widely used seller�s platform, we first estimate a hedonic model that regresses the last offer price on property attributes such as farm-level agricultural production, land characteristics, structure amenities, and capital equipment included in the offer, as well as spatial and temporal fixed effects. we use this hedonic model to examine how property rights and environmental compliance capitalize into land prices across the amazon and cerrado biomes. our main results imply low net benefits from property rights and low net benefits from compliance with the central brazilian regulation that aims to maintain forest cover, the forest code. finally, we estimate a duration model that follows the sequence of weekly offers for a specific property until it sells. our findings show that parcels compliant with the forest code sell 46 % faster in the amazon, while entitled properties in the cerrado sell 9 % faster, unless they are compliant with the forest code, which requires a substantial portion of the property to be under native vegetation cover. 17. title: accelerated contraction of future climate comfort zones in the southern subtropics: insights from analysis and simulation of hiking big data authors: shenghong wang, yuwei tan, rob law, luyu yang, ... jun liu abstract: many people are highly exposed to climate change through tourism activities. however, conventional evaluations of tourism climate suitability have consistently relied on uniform indicators. in reality, the combination of meteorological factors that tourists are sensitive to and the threshold ranges for their comfort vary across different climate zones. this study, for the first time, utilizes a dataset of 2,326,954 tourist behaviors in hiking to validate the differences in sensitivity to meteorological conditions among tourists in different climate zones and to assess the historical and future tourism suitability in various climate zones. the findings reveal the following key results: (1) the sensitivity of hiking activities to meteorological factors varies among tourists in different climate zones. for instance, tourists in the mid-subtropics and south temperate zones show a lesser sensitivity to precipitation, while those in the southern subtropics are less affected by temperature fluctuations. tourists in plateau climate zones appear to be insensitive to both precipitation and average relative humidity. (2) significant differences exist in the climate comfort ranges for tourists from different climatic regions when engaging in hiking activities. tourists in the mid-subtropics exhibit the highest tolerance for daily maximum temperatures during hiking, whereas those in arid and semiarid regions have a greater comfort threshold for average relative humidity compared to individuals in humid and subhumid regions. (3) over the past decade, the southern subtropics experienced the highest number of days suitable for hiking among tourists, while the plateau climate zone recorded the fewest. the frequency of comfortable hiking days per year (cdy) increased for tourists in the north subtropics, mid-subtropics, southern subtropics, and plateau climate zones but declined for tourists in the mid-temperate and south temperate zones. (4) looking ahead to the future, climate conditions conducive to hiking for tourists in different climate zones are generally trending towards deterioration. by the year 2080, both the mid-subtropics and south temperate zones are projected to have the fewest cdy. while the southern subtropics may still have the most cdy for tourists� hiking, it is anticipated to experience the most rapid decrease. 18. title: legacies of childhood learning for climate change adaptation authors: rowan jackson, andrew dugmore, felix riede abstract: using archaeological, historical, and ethnographic analysis of norse and inuit toys and miniatures, this paper argues that legacies of childhood learning can create limits to climatic change adaptation and provide lessons from the past relevant today. in medieval greenland, norse children played with objects that would have familiarised them with the expected norms and behaviours of farming, household activities, sailing and conflict, but not with hunting, which was a key omission given the fundamental importance of wild resources to successful climatic adaptation in greenland after the climate shocks of the mid-13th century. the restricted range of toys combined with an instructional form of learning suggests a high degree of path dependence that limited adaptation to climatic change, and we know the norse settlement ended with the conjunctures of the 15th century that included climatic change. inuit children, by contrast, learnt highly adapted behaviours and technologies through objects that taught locally tuned hunting skills. inuit approaches that prioritised unstructured learning time aided the development of creative skills and problem-solving capabilities, and the inuit successfully navigated the climatic changes of the little ice age in greenland. this insight from the past has implications for our approaches to childhood learning in the 21st century and the unfolding climate crisis. innovative approaches to childhood teaching and learning in the context of climate change adaptation could provide effective solutions, on a timescale commensurate with that of projected climate impacts. 19. title: transformative labor: the hidden (and not-so-hidden) work of transformations to sustainability authors: susanne c. moser abstract: the urgent need for transformations to sustainability has been widely established, but the seeming lack of swift and comprehensive progress have led to well-founded doubts about meeting the goals of the paris agreement, the 2030 sustainable development goals and other related global agreements. often vacuous and potentially misleading pointers to partial progress are not reassuring, while defeatist statements on blanket failure conceal important breakthroughs and advances. this paper resists the unhelpful extremes of this dichotomy and takes a closer look at the work done by activists, researchers and other supporters to mobilize for and foster transformative efforts even if they are often not easily visible. based on an integrative synthesis of three international, multi-case research projects on transformations to sustainability, it introduces the concept of transformative labor � the work, inner and outer, that has the power to affect transformative change. often hidden and largely underappreciated, transformative labor helps break through existing systems, and puts creativity, courage, persistence and other physical, social, cognitive and emotional qualities and skills along with physical and financial resources toward achieving system-transcending change. seven overlapping and interacting categories of transformative labor are described: (1) detecting & naming conditions (symptoms); (2) creating transformative spaces; (3) fostering agency & empowerment; (4) enacting steps to change conditions; (5) visioning & moving toward desired outcomes (purpose, horizons); (6) caring, tending & learning; and (7) scaling out, up and deep. transformative labor is performed by advocates, researchers and other allies and is always political because it intends to advance a profound change in the status quo. the paper concludes with proposed future research directions to test and advance this novel concept. 20. title: defining and conceptualizing equity and justice in climate adaptation authors: s.e. walker, e.a. smith, n. bennett, e. bannister, ... k.m. bailey abstract: diverse disciplines are contributing to the growing body of evidence exploring the interaction between climate adaptation and justice and/or equity. as a result, the literature lacks consistency in how the terms equity and justice are applied and defined, challenging efforts to synthesize evidence and translate it into policy and practice. this scoping review aims to investigate the diversity of ways in which climate adaptation researchers conceptualize equity and justice and synthesize common frameworks to lend insight into emerging practices and future research needs. our results synthesize 316 articles and highlight several gaps in the literature with respect to specific climate hazards and social identity groups. the results also indicate that very few scholars define and differentiate between equity and justice, but when they do, issues of scale, affected actors, pathways and normative principles are key components in such definitions. we expand on these themes, arguing that there is little utility in adaptation scholars and practitioners coming to complete consensus on best approaches for studying and evaluating equity and justice. rather, research needs to address the plurality of approaches by being explicit in their definitions and conceptual grounding. we provide guidance for achieving such clarity in both the study and practice of climate adaptation. finally, we compare common equity and justice frameworks according to their specific utility and most relevant contexts. we conclude by underscoring the importance of pluralism in how equity and justice are measured and defined as it parallels the diverse contexts in which climate adaptation occurs. the results of our review call for more nuanced investigation and communication of the ways in which equity and justice intersect with climate adaptation. 21. title: adapting ecosystem accounting to meet the needs of indigenous living cultural landscapes: a case study from yawuru country, northern australia authors: anna normyle, bruce doran, dean mathews, julie melbourne, michael vardon abstract: despite global recognition of the need to protect and preserve indigenous knowledge and values in the context of land use change, the extent and significance of these values on indigenous lands remains not well understood and poorly considered in environmental management and planning. including indigenous values in the system of environmental-economic accounting (seea) may be one way to better ensure that indigenous values are reflected in government environmental management and planning frameworks and that these frameworks are useful for indigenous people. to do this, the seea must reflect the complex and interconnected values that underpin many indigenous people�s relationships with land and sea. we use practical examples to illustrate how the seea may be adapted to better reflect the cultural values in an indigenous living cultural landscape using an example from yawuru country, in northern australia. we show how extending ecosystem asset accounts to reflect cultural knowledge and combining the seea central framework with the seea ecosystem accounting to develop a novel service to ecosystem account better represents the interconnected relationships between yawuru people, culture, and country. to consolidate the recognition of indigenous values in the seea, we recommend establishing a working group under the auspices of the united nations to share experiences and develop a guidebook �seea indigenous values�. this would promote coordinated and corporative work and improve the relevance of the seea. 22. title: what drives public engagement by scientists? an australian perspective authors: michael murunga, emily ogier, catriona macleod, gretta pecl abstract: there is an increasing expectation for more scientists to engage with industry, government, and communities to solve climate change. a group for whom these calls are now prevalent are marine (natural and social) scientists working on environmental change, including climate change. yet, there is limited empirical evidence of what drives them to embrace or avoid engaging distinct publics, including policymakers. here, we examined via twenty-eight in-depth qualitative interviews factors affecting how australian scientists engage the public about climate change. we found that nineteen contextual variables constrain and enable public engagement by scientists. these variables co-occur and interact at the individual, organizational, and systemic levels to affect how they prioritize, mobilize resources, and decide to engage the public. we found that while the scientists saw it rewarding to share their findings with others, they found it hard to deal with conflict, face skeptics, and navigate organizational politics and structures to engage others in a public-facing role. also, a lack of institutional support and engagement culture, role ambiguity, unequal power relations, and a legacy of past encounters led many scientists to engage in tokenism. these findings and insights have implications for individual scientists, institutional policy, and the practice of engaging others about global environmental change. they reveal why scientists might not engage others in a public-facing role and what might be needed to transform engagement. 23. title: disruptive data: how access and benefit-sharing discourses structured ideas and decisions during the convention on biological diversity negotiations over digital sequence information from 2016 to 2022 authors: b.e. (bob) kreiken, b.j.m. (bas) arts abstract: in 2016, negotiations of the convention on biological diversity on access and benefit-sharing policies were shaken up by the emergence of digital sequence information (dsi) as policy issue. open access to dsi on genetic resources in genetic databases is standard practice in data-driven biological research, but such access was argued to bypass access and benefit-sharing policies of the convention. as parties and observers had to take a position on governing dsi, this research investigated the influence of discourses on the negotiations through argumentative discourse analysis. actors in international environmental negotiations mobilize �background� discourses � both consciously and unconsciously � to define and �foreground� issues, which in turn shape negotiation and decision-making processes. the analysis shows that existing discourses on access and benefit-sharing and biodiversity structured actors� statements aimed at defining dsi, thus applying and redefining access and benefit-sharing principles in the context of dsi. actors with similar and slightly varying interests formed discourse-coalitions on the basis of shared storylines. developing countries formed a separate discourse-coalition to push for dsi regulation wherein ideas about sustainable development and environmental justice were integrated, and to a lesser extent about biopiracy (the notion that open access to dsi enables the misappropriation of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge). in response, developed countries adopted narratives put forward by industry and research, advocating that open access to dsi is essential for science, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. a third coalition, consisting of indigenous peoples and local communities and civil society, also mobilized environmental justice and biopiracy discourses, but more prominently a unique holistic discourse on nature. finally, holistic and biopiracy discourses were marginalized in official negotiation documents, while scientific and sustainable development discourses were adopted in official negotiation documents. the research provides a novel understanding of the dsi-negotiations as discursive politics, and highlights how different positionalities in discourses structure and are structured by statements in this political arena. 24. title: niches for transformative change within dominant territorial pathways: practices and perspectives in a nicaraguan agricultural frontier authors: milagros romero, pierre merlet, nad�ge garambois, fr�d�ric huybrechs, ... johan bastiaensen abstract: in many places around the world, the continuing expansion of agricultural land into forested areas is a context which urgently needs transformative change towards more sustainable pathways. defining and implementing such transformations requires critical reflection to avoid reproducing business-as-usual practices. transformative alternatives need to be capable of challenging detrimental power structures underlying social injustices and environmental degradation. implementing such alternatives therefore needs a deeper and plural understanding of the historical processes underpinning the interrelation between social and environmental dynamics. in this paper we focus on the northeastern nicaraguan agricultural frontier to analyze the historical emergence and consequences of a dominant cattle-based territorial pathway and to unveil local actors� practices and perspectives on possible transformative change. we thereby aim to enrich the debates on transformations to sustainability and the identification of alternatives capable of challenging hegemonic dynamics. our methodological contribution lies in adopting an original mixed-methods strategy based on the joint use of agrarian diagnoses and q-method. first, our results provide an in-depth understanding of the historical evolution of agricultural practices and processes of social differentiation, and how these processes relate to techno-economic conditions influencing farmers' strategies. second, we identify four perspectives within a specific network of actors regarding the processes of social-environmental change and analyze the perceived opportunities and limitations of actual and imagined alternatives. based on these insights, we show that certain alignment of practices and motivations generally reinforces the dominant cattle-based territorial pathway. we also indicate that the most commonly promoted alternative strategies (often by external organizations) tend to reinforce the incumbent pathway rather than addressing the related social and environmental concerns. yet, we also identified a subaltern niche of perspectives and practices from which a bottom-up actor coalition could emerge, addressing power imbalances and re-assembling ideas and practices towards transformative change. 25. title: carbon capability revisited: theoretical developments and empirical evidence authors: sam hampton, lorraine whitmarsh abstract: the urgent need to address climate change requires widespread behavioural changes and structural reforms. however, the adoption of low-carbon practices is limited by individual, social and structural constraints. carbon capability (cc) is an interdisciplinary, integrative framework which bridges the gap between individual-level behaviours and systemic change. this article develops a new theoretical framework for cc, with insights from the capability approach, social practice theory, and recent work in environmental psychology. drawing on a nationally representative survey from the uk, cc is evaluated across six key domains of practice: energy, transport, food, shopping, influence, and citizenship. our revised theory emphasises the diverse forms that cc can take, highlighting the multiple roles that individuals (and other actors) can play in driving climate action, as consumers, influencers, organisational members, and citizens. results show that the uk population is becoming more carbon capable over time, with increasing knowledge about climate change and some adoption of low-carbon practices. however, transformative change is still lacking. the study highlights the importance of reorienting systems of provision to enable low-carbon practices and set capability ceilings to limit excessive consumption. 26. title: progress in understanding the social dimensions of desalination and future research directions authors: brian f. o�neill, joe williams abstract: the piece outlines the contributions of key works in the field of the political ecology of desalination over the past decade. we note that the field is diverse in terms of contributions from geographers, sociologists, anthropologists, and public policy scholars. the research to date has been concerned with the ways in which the deployment of desalting techniques can reflect and reinforce social processes of inequality, political power and economic flows. in this way, desalination has been opened up for intellectual debate beyond technical considerations of the desalting industry and engineers. a critical perspective that complements the recent discussions of environmental harm caused by the desalination industry has emerged as well across a number of global and transboundary contexts. a number of themes emerged that will continue to be of interest to scholars and that need to be addressed in the years ahead. first, desalination intersects transboundary water governance and geopolitics between different water uses and emerges from complex assemblages of local and global actors, including financial actors, water companies, governments, technologies, and natural forces. second, critical scholarship on desalination needs to continue to pay attention to the interests in and overarching patterns of, the green new deal and blue economy, each of which intersect with the worlds of academia and policymaking, and involve issues of climate adaptation and mitigation. third, questions about equity remain with desalination as it is a solution deeply imbricated in the unequal distribution of resources, and questions about representation in decision-making remain. fourth, research on finance and infrastructure have been at the core of critical desalting research and should remain so. fifth, there is a growing heterogeneity in terms of research in types of desalting, from reverse osmosis to inland desalting to nuclear and more. this variety will make for rich research for the years ahead. our hope is that the epistemological, theoretical, and methodological flexibility of this area of research will remain a strong point continuing its rigor, as well as the already robust collegiality among scholars in this interesting, and still nascent field. 27. title: a new dynamic framework is required to assess adaptation limits authors: sirkku juhola, laurens m. bouwer, christian huggel, reinhard mechler, ... ivo wallimann-helmer abstract: 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