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��ࡱ�>�� u �r�mbjbj�n�n2��a��ae ��""��8��}$��ol��-o/o/o/o/o/o/o$q��sfso��so��4hommm��-om�-ommm��pc-��mo~o0�omt�ftmm�/t�9l��m��soso5��o��t��"qs: research policy volume 51, issue 2, march 2022 1. title: population ageing, labour market rigidity and corporate innovation: evidence from china authors: youchao tan, xiumei liu, hanwen sun, cheng(colin) zeng. abstract: population ageing leads to labour scarcity and labour market rigidity. contrary to supply-side economists� belief that labour market rigidity tends to suppress firm innovation, we provide novel evidence of a positive relationship between population ageing and firm innovation in china. this enhancement effect is greater for firms with higher labour costs, consistent with the argument that labour scarcity encourages labour-saving innovation in response to demographic shifts. in addition, the observed positive effect is particularly pronounced for state-owned enterprises, which are widely acknowledged to be overstaffed with older workers, and firms in industries that pursue schumpeter-ii innovation and engage in more intense research and development. in addition, population ageing helps firms to generate more exploitative (vs. exploratory) innovation. overall, our findings suggest that firms facing population ageing can adapt their strategies to innovate successfully. 2. title: modeling patent clarity authors: jonathan h. ashtor. abstract: this study uses machine learning techniques to model patent claim clarity and analyze how clarity relates to important patent policy objectives. specifically, machine learning models are trained on a dataset of over 600,000 u.s. patent applications that were (or were not) rejected for indefiniteness, a proxy for claim clarity, using features based on the linguistic attributes of each application. the model is then applied to over 2 million issued patents and their corresponding applications, deriving estimates of the clarity of each patent's claim set at application and issuance. first, the properties of claim clarity and its relationship with the patent examination process are studied. wordiness and repetitiveness corresponds to reduced clarity, whereas more descriptiveness whereas clearer claims tend to be more descriptive. clarity also changes during patent examination, indicating that patent office policies may affect claim clarity. next, the relationship between claim clarity and cumulative innovation is studied. clear patents are found to receive more citations by applicants of unrelated future patents, a key indicator of cumulative innovation. however, unclear patents tend to receive more examiner citations, particularly in later years, and the technological relevance of examiner citations also tends to decline over time. this raises important questions about the role of late-stage examiner citations in the patent examination process, which are framed for future research. finally, this study evaluates the impact of the u.s. supreme court's nautilus v. biosig decision, which sought to improve patent claim clarity. a difference-in-difference analysis of applications examined under the old versus new standard is conducted to evaluate the causal effect of nautilus on the claims of patents filed under the old standard but examined under the new standard. this reveals a significant improvement in patent claim clarity post-nautilus. 3. title: innovation in economically developed and lagging european regions: a configurational analysis authors: nikolaos filippopoulos, georgios fotopoulos. abstract: regional innovation in europe is analyzed with fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, distinguishing between different economic development level categories and between innovation performance groups within each category. different mechanisms were identified based on varying conjunctions of business and public sector r&d, spatial proximity to external r&d, networks of collaborations, tolerance and inclusion, and human capital. more developed regions present four main mechanisms that lead to regional innovation. namely, a technologically driven mechanism, a business r&d driven technological mechanism, a mechanism driven primarily by internal r&d competencies and tolerance and inclusion, and a general path to regional innovation, supporting a public r&d driven technological mechanism. when the analysis focuses on moderate innovators, the absence of skilled human capital is added as a relevant condition owing primarily to the lack of technological and technical skills in some regions. for lagging regions, the relevant innovation definition excludes patenting as these regions focus on �softer� innovation aspects than technological innovation. innovation in lagging regions is primarily driven by public r&d supported by tolerance and inclusion or by networks of collaboration. the latter might work as a condition compensating for -often unfavorable- geography. 4. title: organizational drivers of innovation: the role of workforce agility authors: chiara franco, fabio landini. abstract: the interplay between organization practices and innovation is highly relevant in modern business. this paper analyses whether a specific organizational dimension, namely workforce agility, affects innovative performance. we rationalize this effect within an organizational economics perspective that stresses the role of behavioural motives and human attitudes in the innovation process. in particular, we distinguish the contribution of two components: time agility and task agility. for both of them, we hypothesize that a higher level of agility is associated with stronger employees� commitment, which in turn stimulate creativity and innovation. using a sample of nearly 18,000 private-sector workplaces in 28 countries, we report conditional correlations between workforce agility and innovation that are consistent with our framework. establishments with higher workforce agility are more likely to innovate. this relationship is particularly strong in the case of task agility, especially for process innovation. moreover, the contribution of agility-related practices tends to be weaker (although not absent) in industries where specialized and technical expertise is more relevant for innovation. the analysis of managers� perceptions about internal working climate and employees� commitment suggest that its positive effect on innovation is likely to be driven by the fact that workforce agility improves work motivation at the workplace, favouring innovation-oriented behaviours. managerial and policy implications are discussed. 5. title: research funding and collaboration authors: benjamin davies, jason gush, shaun c. hendy, adam b. jaffe. abstract: we analyze whether research funding contests promote co-authorship. our analysis combines scopus publication records with data on the marsden fund, the premier source of funding for basic research in new zealand. we use fixed-effect models to analyze within-researcher-pair variation in co-authorship. among pairs who ever co-authored or co-proposed, co-authorship was 13.8 percentage points more likely in a given year if they had co-proposed during the previous ten years than if they had not. this co-authorship rate was not significantly higher among funded pairs. however, when we increase post-proposal publication lags towards the length of a typical award, we find that funding, rather than participation, promotes co-authorship. 6. title: no inventor is an island: social connectedness and the geography of knowledge flows in the us authors: andreas diemer, tanner regan. abstract: do informal social ties connecting inventors across distant places promote knowledge flows between them? to measure informal ties, we use a new and direct index of social connectedness of regions based on aggregate facebook friendships. we use a well-established identification strategy that relies on matching inventor citations with citations from examiners. moreover, we isolate the specific effect of informal connections, above and beyond formal professional ties (co-inventor networks) and geographic proximity. we identify a significant and robust effect of informal ties on patent citations. further, we find that the effect of geographic proximity on knowledge flows is entirely explained by informal social ties and professional networks. we also show that the effect of informal social ties on knowledge flows is greater for new entrepreneurs or �garage inventors�, for older or �forgotten� patents, and for flows across distant technology fields. it has also become increasingly important over the last two decades. 7. title: intellectual property rights, non-market considerations and foreign r&d investments authors: jo�o albino-pimentel, pierre dussauge, omar el nayal. abstract: prior research has focused on how firms use a variety of organizational mechanisms to protect their r&d investments from misappropriation risks in foreign countries. little is known, however, about how firms can rely on non-market factors to induce preferential treatment by host government authorities, thereby protecting their intellectual property overseas. in this paper, we investigate two such non-market factors, one at the country level, the other at the firm level, that are likely to influence the choice of where firms locate their innovation activities: host country inclination towards the firm's home country and the firm's political capabilities, respectively. we thus examine how ipr policies and non-market factors interact in protecting firm innovation from misappropriation and in making countries more attractive for innovation-related activities. we find support for our predictions in a sample of 1,341 foreign r&d investments made by 163 firms from 14 home countries over the period 2003�2016. 8. title: the startup cartography project: measuring and mapping entrepreneurial ecosystems authors: rj andrews, catherine fazio, jorge guzman, yupeng liu, scott stern. abstract: this paper presents the startup cartography project (scp), which offers a new set of entrepreneurial ecosystem statistics for the united states from 1988 to 2016. the scp combines state-level business registration records with a predictive analytics approach to estimate the probability of �extreme� growth (ipo or high-value acquisition) at or near the time of founding for the population of newly-registered firms. the results highlight the ability of predictive analytics to identify high-potential start-ups at founding (using a variety of different approaches and measures). the scp then leverages estimates of entrepreneurial quality to develop four entrepreneurial ecosystem statistics, including the rate of start-up formation, average entrepreneurial quality, the quality-adjusted quantity of entrepreneurship, and the entrepreneurial ecosystem performance associated with a given start-up �cohort.� these statistics offer sharp insight into patterns of regional entrepreneurship, the correlation of quality (but not quantity) with subsequent regional economic growth and the evolution of entrepreneurial ecosystems over time. the scp includes both a public-access dataset at the state, msa, county, and zip code level, as well as an interactive map, the u.s. startup map, that allows academic and policy users to assess entrepreneurial ecosystems at an arbitrary level of granularity (from the level of states down to individual street addresses). the scp and accompanying datasets may be found at: https://www.startupcartography.com/. 9. title: persistence and learning effects in design innovation: evidence from panel data authors: carlo corradini, beatrice d'ippolito. abstract: this paper explores persistence and learning effects in the aesthetic and symbolic dimensions of design innovation. by combining insights from innovation economics and design studies, we discuss design innovation as the result of firm-specific cumulative learning. we then conceptualise design and product innovation as complementary processes whose interplay may lead to learning effects across different dimensions of knowledge creation. we provide quantitative evidence for these insights applying dynamic probit and bivariate probit models to a longitudinal dataset of manufacturing firms based in spain for the period 2007�2016. our findings confirm the presence of persistence effects in design innovation, offering novel evidence in support of the view whereby design is an iterative process shaped by the knowledge generated through firms� previous engagement with design. in addition, the results contribute to our understanding of the role of design beyond its functional dimension, pointing to mutually reinforcing effects between aesthetic and symbolic design and product innovation. 10. title: managing individual research productivity in academic organizations: a review of the evidence and a path forward authors: olga ryazanova, jolanta jaskiene. abstract: the management of research productivity is central to university governance and drives a broad range of decisions, including those on hiring, promotion and funding allocation. policymakers and academic leaders responsible for improving their institutions� research performance need an evidence-based understanding of the organizational factors that can be managed in pursuit of better publication outcomes. our paper reviews the empirical evidence on the drivers of research productivity that can be actively managed by organizations and policymakers. such drivers include organizational structures, research culture, features of task environment for academic work, and resource allocation. to advance the state of science in research productivity literature, we then analyze assumptions and highlight mechanisms that need to be explored in order to improve theoretical and methodological state of the field. we suggest directions for future research with the aim to create a deeper and more cohesive body of knowledge on how organizations, funding bodies, and government agencies can influence scientific performance at the individual level. to advance the practice of research management, we offer a rigorous synthesis of existing empirical evidence that can help academic leaders in supporting and developing faculty research productivity within their institutions. 11. title: coworking spaces: an overview and research agenda authors: travis howell abstract: in the past decade, coworking spaces have emerged as a new and promising phenomenon within entrepreneurship. due to its prevalence, popularity, and potential for disruptive change, coworking is increasingly relevant to theory, practice, and policy in entrepreneurship, yet its implications are largely unstudied given the rapid rise of the phenomenon. overall, more research is needed to inform owners, policy makers, and entrepreneurs regarding the effects of this new organizational form. this study takes an exploratory empirical approach with the goal of shedding light on the current landscape of coworking. by so doing, i provide an initial foundation for research on the coworking movement in entrepreneurship and the various research streams it can enrich. 12. title: measuring the impact of ai on jobs at the organization level: lessons from a survey of uk business leaders authors: wil hunt, sudipa sarkar, chris warhurst. abstract: advances in artificial intelligence (ai) have reignited debates about the impact of technology on the future of work, raising concerns about massive job losses. however, extant evidence is beset by methodological limitations. the majority of studies are either (1) based on modelling predictions, underpinned by subjective judgements or (2) measure the effect of automation technologies more broadly using proxies for ai effects. analysis of what actually happens in organisations introducing ai-enabled technologies is lacking. this research note proposes a third methodology based on the use of bespoke employer surveys. drawing on a new and unique survey of uk business leaders, it illustrates the utility of this approach through the presentation of descriptive findings on the association between introduction of ai and job creation and destruction within organisations. directions for future research using this approach are suggested. 13. title: intermediaries for the greater good: how entrepreneurial support organizations can embed constrained sustainable development startups in entrepreneurial ecosystems authors: frank j. van rijnsoever. abstract: sustainable development startups (sdss) are important to help overcome societal challenges. however, starting an sds or investing in them is a high-risk endeavor. hence, policymakers are trying to make entrepreneurial ecosystems (ees) more favorable for sdss. a critical component of any ee is a financial support network, through which startups receive investments and business knowledge most importantly from private venture capitalists (vcs), among other finance providers. to be successful, sdss thus need to become embedded in the financial support network. this embeddedness also allows sdss to serve as network brokers between vcs and other startups, which is beneficial for the entire ee. entrepreneurial support organizations (esos) can help build a sufficiently dense financial support network by introducing startups to other actors. however, there are often not enough promising sdss in an ee to meaningfully influence the financial support network. this places esos that promote sdss in the dilemma of which startups to admit: they can either focus their efforts exclusively on sdss or give their unfilled spots to non-sdss, with the latter facilitating network brokering among startups. therefore, this paper answers the following research question: what is the effect from esos� support mechanisms and admission regimes on the number of investments in sdss? using an agent-based model, i demonstrate that esos are a necessity for ees with many constrained sdss, particularly when the constraints are technology-based. without esos, the presence of such sdss negatively influences the entire ee due to a loss of brokering in the financial support network. esos can help repair this damage by having the right admission regimes and helping tenant sdss overcome some of their constraints. ultimately, the most effective way to do this is to have an admission regime under which only sdss are accepted and receive twice as much support from the eso. 14. title: winner takes all? tech clusters, population centers, and the spatial transformation of u.s. invention authors: b. chattergoon, w.r. kerr. abstract: u.s. invention has become increasingly concentrated around major tech centers since the 1970s, with implications for how much cities across the country share in concomitant local benefits. is invention becoming a winner-takes-all race? we explore the rising spatial concentration of patents and identify an underlying stability in their distribution. software patents have exploded to account for about half of patents today, and these patents are highly concentrated in tech centers. tech centers also account for a growing share of non-software patents, but the reallocation, by contrast, is entirely from the five largest population centers in 1980. non-software patenting is stable for most cities, with anchor tenants like universities playing important roles, suggesting the growing concentration of invention may be nearing its end. immigrant inventors and new businesses aided in the spatial transformation. 15. title: a framework and databases for measuring entrepreneurial ecosystems authors: evan johnson, iman hemmatian, lauren lanahan, amol m. joshi. abstract: scholarly literature on the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems has increased sharply over the past five years. the surge in interest has also heightened the demand for robust empirical measures that capture the complexity of dynamic relationships among ecosystem constituents. we offer a framework for measurement that places collaborative relationships among entrepreneurs, firms, government agencies, and research institutions at the center of the ecosystem concept. we further emphasize the four roles of the federal government as a catalyst, coordinator, certifier, and customer in shaping these relationships. despite the central importance of these firm-government interactions, there is surprisingly little research on suitable methodologies and appropriate data for systematically and reliably incorporating them into measures of ecosystem health. our study aims to address this gap in the literature by first developing a conceptual framework for measuring entrepreneurial ecosystems and then describing an array of accompanying databases that provide rich and detailed information on firms and their relationships with government organizations, accelerators, and research institutions. a major advantage of our approach is that all the underlying databases are drawn from non-confidential, publicly available sources that are transparently disclosed and regularly updated. this greatly expands the potential community of scholars, managers, and policymakers that may independently use these databases to test theories, make decisions, and formulate policies related to innovation and entrepreneurship. 16. title: competing standard-setting organizations: a choice experiment authors: paul moritz wiegmann, felix eggers, henk j. de vries, knut blind. abstract: standard-setting organizations (ssos) establish goal-directed networks for innovators to jointly shape technology and markets through standards. the degree to which this can succeed depends to a large extent on network characteristics, which may differ substantially between ssos. many technological fields face intense competition between ssos. choosing the right one is thus a key strategic decision for innovators. simultaneously, ssos must reflect members� preferences in their network set-ups and governance. yet, little is known about these preferences. based on extant literature, we derive hypotheses about how three themes of network attributes (membership base, rules, transaction costs) and contextual factors drive decision makers� preferences. we conduct a comprehensive choice experiment with 141 standardization professionals in the internet of things field. based on our data, we provide a more realistic indication of what firms value in ssos than has been previously available. we also discuss our results� implications for studying networks in other contexts. 17. title: introduction to the special section celebrating the centenary of chris freeman's birth authors: raphael kaplinsky, w. edward steinmueller. abstract: the eight invited papers comprising this special section reflect the breadth of chris freeman's contributions to understanding the world and his advocacy of using that understanding to making the world a better place. the authors reflect on freeman's contributions and advocacy with a view to presenting what concepts, frameworks and insights can be carried forward from the centenary of his birth. 18. title: innovation and uneven development: the challenge for low- and middle-income economies authors: raphael kaplinsky, erika kraemer-mbula. abstract: this essay begins with a recounting of the rise of the mass production techno-economic paradigm and the emergence of the systemic economic crisis in the early 1970s. it then explains how this crisis was stemmed by the deepening of globalisation, which accelerated during the 1980s. however, shortly before the turn of the millennium, the internal fissures of the paradigm became more apparent, resulting in a renewed slowdown in growth and global financial crises. in the context of these global developments, most emerging economies are confronted by two structural problems. the first is the prevalence of a massive informal sector; the second is the erosion of the possibilities for a flying geese policy replicating the export success of china. however, crisis presents both challenge and opportunity, and three sets of innovation opportunities are addressed in the paper. these are the largely unrecognised innovative potential within the informal sector, the possibilities opened up by growing regional and south-south trade, and the transformative potential of the heartland technology driving the new techno-economic paradigm, icts. building on seminal contribution to ideas by freeman, we argue that these are important pillars to build an innovation agenda for inclusion in developing countries. the essay concludes with a discussion of the main policy implications to maximise the development impact of these new opportunities. 19. title: ok computer: worker perceptions of algorithmic recruitment authors: elena fumagalli, sarah rezaei, anna salomons. abstract: we provide evidence on how workers on an online platform perceive algorithmic versus human recruitment through two incentivized experiments designed to elicit willingness to pay for human or algorithmic evaluation. in particular, we test how information on workers� performance affects their recruiter choice and whether the algorithmic recruiter is perceived as more or less gender-biased than the human one. we find that workers do perceive human and algorithmic evaluation differently, even though both recruiters are given the same inputs in our controlled setting. specifically, human recruiters are perceived to be more error-prone evaluators and place more weight on personal characteristics, whereas algorithmic recruiters are seen as placing more weight on task performance. consistent with these perceptions, workers with good task performance relative to others prefer algorithmic evaluation, whereas those with lower task performance prefer human evaluation. we also find suggestive evidence that perceived differences in gender bias drive preferences 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