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��ࡱ�>�� u �r��rbjbj�n�n2z��a��ag ��""��8�tm$��sl��r�r�r�r�r�r�r$u��w<sq��s��4fs��r��r��pw��4��r|s0�s� x�: x��4 x��oh��ss��s�� x��"qs: nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly volume 52, issue 5, october 2023 1. title: financial challenges of nonprofits serving people of color: original survey results authors: mirae kim, bo li abstract: the recent influx of immigrants to the united states and the corresponding growth in racial/ethnic diversity has increased the visibility of nonprofits that serve primarily people of color (poc). combining data from an original survey with form 990 tax returns and census records, this study focuses on nonprofits designed to serve particular racial and ethnic groups. we explore whether organizations that serve mainly poc or those led by poc face greater financial challenges than others. we find that poc-serving or poc-led nonprofits experience greater financial difficulties stemming from additional challenges in resource development and management. however, poc-serving nonprofits led by executives of color did not show additional disadvantages compared with those serving mainly poc but led by white executives or poc-led nonprofits serving mainly white individuals. we discuss the implications of racialized organizations and how understanding this issue can help address the financial vulnerability of poc-serving nonprofits. 2. title: the opportunity costs of volunteering: evidence from germany authors: s�ren wallrodt, lutz thieme abstract: this study analyzes the effect of opportunity costs on the decision to volunteer, the extent of volunteering, and how opportunity costs are related to competing volunteering activities. our results reveal that opportunity costs operationalized as net wage per hour had the predicted negative effect on the extent of volunteering but a positive effect on the decision to volunteer. when the individual hourly net wage of the surveyed volunteers is applied, volunteering has average opportunity costs of about 14� /h. as volunteering competes with other activities, we assigned opportunity costs to different activities such as family, hobbies, paid work, or spending time with friends. results show that, overall, opportunity costs of volunteering are especially related to family activities and less so to paid work. this implies that volunteering activities, in general, compete with family activities rather than with paid work or other activities. 3. title: by the volunteer, for the volunteer: volunteer perspectives of management across levels of satisfaction authors: william prince, jaclyn piatak abstract: volunteers play a critical role in government and nonprofit organizations. yet, volunteer management research has focused on universal prescriptions or a contingency perspective based on the needs of the organization rather than the volunteer. as volunteers are a finite resource, how can nonprofits retain their volunteers? we conduct a qualitative analysis of open-ended responses to explore how assessments of volunteer management vary across satisfaction levels as delineated by the net promoter score (nps) scale. we find evidence that the most satisfied volunteers may be important resources to volunteer programs for the insight and advice they offer as champions of the collective. we also observe patterns across satisfaction levels suggesting that volunteer satisfaction is linked to volunteer development. our research offers the nps, a commonly used feedback measure, as a valuable tool for volunteer management to measure volunteer satisfaction, to identify enthusiastic promoters, and to examine volunteer development. 4. title: exploring nonprofit advocacy research methods and design: a systematic review of the literature authors: kevin d. ward, dyana p. mason, gowun park, rachel fyall abstract: the study of nonprofit advocacy has evolved significantly over the past two decades, yet gaps still remain in our understanding of the processes and roles of nonprofit organizations in policymaking and policy change. in part, these gaps may be exacerbated by limitations in the methodologies and research designs used to examine advocacy, despite the growing scholarship base. to investigate this possibility, this article reports the findings of a systematic literature review of 264 scholarly articles that examine the antecedents, processes, and/or outcomes of nonprofit advocacy. the sampling method relies heavily on scholarship published in six leading nonprofit and public administration journals. although theory suggests that nonprofit organizations have a vital role in facilitating policy processes, much of the advocacy research relies upon a limited form of research questions and methods. findings also reveal a need for greater precision in describing data, design, and methods, and suggest a need for clearer, validated measures of both nonprofit advocacy efforts and the resulting outcomes. finally, we suggest new areas for nonprofit advocacy research, including investigating new venues, different levels of analysis, employing emerging research methods, and examining advocacy over time. 5. title: government regulation and the political activities of nonprofits authors: deborah a. carroll, suzette myser, seongho an abstract: we propose a conceptual model of the political activities of nonprofits that qualify for exemption under subsections of the internal revenue code other than 501(c)(3), including social welfare organizations, civic leagues, social clubs, and so on, which considers three categories of explanatory factors: organizational capacity, financial strategy, and operating environment. using a heckman selection model with longitudinal irs 990 data, we find government regulation to be an obstacle for nonprofits to engage in the policy process. political activities of non-501(c)(3) organizations are also negatively associated with government support, suggesting these organizations perceive government intervention differently from 501(c)(3) organizations when engaging in political activities. 6. title: foundations of influence: intervention pathways of foundation influence on city governance and policy authors: dale e. thomson abstract: philanthropic foundations have assumed prominent roles in revitalizing distressed u.s. cities raising questions about their ongoing effects on governance and policy, institutions, access to decision-making, and outcomes. this exploratory, qualitative study examines foundation interventions in eight cities where foundations account for a substantial share of community and economic development financing. foundations have significantly altered interventions which, when combined with their substantial giving and government austerity, significantly increases their potential for enduring influence on city governance and policymaking and fosters the growth of nonprofit governance in these cities. 7. title: coalition networks for the green new deal: nonprofit public policy advocacy in the age of social media authors: aimei yang, wenlin liu abstract: social media is an important tool for nonprofit public policy advocacy. to help nonprofits effectively utilize social media in advocacy efforts, this study proposes a measurement framework of social media social capital based on social networks. specifically, in this study, we examine the relationships between social media capital and symbolic, political capital on social media. we study how a group of nonprofits utilizes twitter to advocate for the green new deal and their interaction with politicians, activists, and publics on social media during the 2019 presidential primaries. our analysis shows that different dimensions of social media capital significantly influence nonprofits� social media-based symbolic capital and political capital. 8. title: determinants of voluntary organizations� attention on facebook: the case of norwegian voluntary organizations authors: bernard enjolras abstract: by offering low-cost tools of communication and coordination, social media platforms such as facebook may constitute a substitute for coordination by means of hierarchical organization. social media may disrupt, appearing as a �weapon of the weak,� a relationship that has traditionally linked membership to resources and influence. against such a backdrop, this article investigates the extent to which organizational features and activities as well as the content of facebook posts predict the reach and audience of voluntary organizations on facebook. by linking organizational survey data and social media data and harnessing machine learning methods, hypotheses linking organizational features and the reach and level of attention obtained by voluntary organizations on facebook are tested. the results support the notion that social media may work as a substitute for hierarchical forms of membership mobilization but do not support the �weapon of the weak� hypothesis. 9. title: meta-analysis of volunteer motives using the volunteer functions inventory to predict volunteer satisfaction, commitment, and behavior authors: steven zhou, kailee kodama muscente abstract: in 2017, about 30% of all u.s. adults volunteered for a total of 6.9 billion hours. this raises the question, why do so many people volunteer? extant research has produced highly variable estimates of the effect sizes of various motivating factors, and there has been little to no research on potential moderators (i.e., study-level covariates that might strengthen or weaken the main effect of volunteer motives). we meta-analyzed 61 studies (n = 38,327) to estimate the effect sizes of six volunteer motivators (volunteer functions inventory [vfi]; clary et al., 1998) in predicting outcomes (satisfaction, commitment, intention to continue, and frequency). results demonstrate that all six motivators significantly predicted the three outcome variables ( � � ranging from .12 to .44). values was the strongest predictor by far, based on the largest effect size and a post hoc relative importance analysis. moderator analyses indicated some differences in effect sizes across gender and student status; there were few differences across geographic location, race-ethnicity, college degree attainment, and employment status. implications for volunteer managers and organizations on how to best work with volunteers are described. 10. title: volunteer retirement and well-being in older adults: a longitudinal study authors: allison r. russell, courtney e. boen, femida handy abstract: the extant literature on volunteering has focused primarily on the many benefits of volunteering for older adults. however, the question rarely investigated is whether these benefits dissipate when older adults retire from their volunteering. given the u.s. policy context wherein volunteering is promoted as a solution to the problems of aging, this research investigates the association between the loss of one�s volunteering role through retirement and well-being. utilizing three waves of the u.s.-based national social life, health, and aging project (nshap) (2005�2016) and a fixed-effects modeling approach, we find that the well-being of older adults, measured as self-reported health, happiness, and depressive risk, is negatively associated with volunteer retirement. our study contributes to the literature on well-being and volunteering for older adults and is the first study focusing on this critical transition point in the life of older volunteers. in addition, policymakers and organizations must broaden their focus to include not only the recruitment and retention of older adult volunteers but also the transition out of volunteering that many of them will eventually face. 11. title: the role of community participation in cross-sector social partnerships authors: riccardo maiolini, pietro versari, francesco rullani, m. may seitanidi abstract: communities, intended as self-organized informal groups, are much less structured than nonprofit organizations typically considered by cross-sector social partnership (cssp) studies. building on the empirical investigation of a real cssp, this article offers an in-depth analysis of the ambivalent dynamics implied by partnership with such communities. our findings indicate that the mechanisms that create room for innovative collaboration opportunities made available by these communities (such as co-innovation, pricing co-determination, co-financing, and democratic decision making) can also, over time, adversely affect the partnership and cause it to permanently lose its shared purpose. in our conclusion, we provide potential remedies for the latter scenario and discuss how they may enrich cssp literature. 12. title: simmer down now! a study of revenue volatility and dissolution in nonprofit organizations authors: duncan j. mayer abstract: many nonprofit organizations operate under immense financial pressure. revenue volatility is a common target for managers to minimize under the assumption that maintaining consistent revenue enhances the viability of the organization while high revenue volatility may disrupt planning. however, the relationship between revenue volatility and the viability of nonprofit organizations is poorly understood. this article presents the first empirical test of the link between volatility and dissolution in u.s. public charities from 2010 to 2018 (n = 2,126,894) using discrete time survival models. the results show that a 10% increase in revenue volatility predicts an increase in dissolution risk between 7% and 14%. in addition, the effect of revenue volatility varies by the age of the organization, suggesting volatility may be a greater threat to older organizations than to those newly formed. implications for managers and future research are discussed. 13. title: the limited benefits of using virtual reality 360� videos to promote empathy and charitable giving authors: alison jane martingano, sara konrath, evan henritze, adam d. brown abstract: charitable organizations have embraced virtual reality (vr); however, scientific evidence supporting its effectiveness for social good often uses poor experimental methodology and finds inconsistent results. we conducted a rigorous randomized control trial testing whether 360� video virtual reality increases empathy and charitable donations. participants (n = 155) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (a) classic: 360� footage of child refugees, (b) boost: the same, but with perspective-taking instructions, (c) audiobook: a control condition with the same information about child refugees but in text format, or (d) waiting room: another control condition with a 360� view of a waiting room. although the classic and boost conditions increased emotional empathy compared to controls, they did not improve cognitive empathy more than the audiobook. moreover, any empathic gains were mostly extinguished after 10 days. critically, the classic and boost conditions did not influence charitable donations to a relevant charity (unicef). therefore, charitable organizations may wish to tentatively reconsider their investment in 360� videos as, although they appear to make people feel empathic in the moment, these feelings do not appear to translate into tangible action. 14. title: volunteering in the united kingdom during the covid-19 pandemic: who started and who quit? authors: kasimir dederichs abstract: i examine how volunteering dynamics changed in the united kingdom during the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic relying on data from the �understanding society� survey. descriptive analyses and linear probability models yield three main findings: first, the share of volunteers (for all causes) dropped at least by a third during the first lockdown and did not increase until march 2021. second, disproportional (absolute) declines occurred among the elderly, women, and those with higher education. elderly individuals were particularly likely to quit their voluntary engagement, while the propensity of starting declined particularly among higher educated individuals. third, volunteering in response to covid-19 was performed by only 3.4% of all respondents and was more common among the higher educated, women, and experienced volunteers. these results suggest that volunteering might well decrease during disasters that affect the opportunities of potential volunteers contrasting the mobilizing role of disasters highlighted by earlier research. 15. title: did 9/11 affect donations to islamic charities in the united states? authors: rafeel wasif abstract: this article studies the impact of exogenous shocks on nonprofit operations by assessing the effect of 9/11 on donations to muslim american nonprofits. the first narrative promoted by civil rights groups and some islamic charities argues that donations to islamic charities have declined. individuals are afraid of getting indicted by law enforcement agencies for advertently or inadvertently funding an organization that supports terrorism. the second narrative is that donations to islamic charities have increased post-9/11 as donors push back against islamophobia by supporting muslim nonprofits. i systematically assess these narratives using difference-in-difference (did) methodology and find that 9/11 had no significant impact on overall contributions to islamic charities. although donations to internationally focused islamic charities declined in the year following 9/11, when compared with domestic-focused islamic charities, they also recovered shortly after that. moreover, they did not reduce significantly when compared with non-islamic internationally focused organizations. 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