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administration. open access removes barriers such as subscription fees, making scholarly research accessible to a wider audience. the public administration review (par) is committed to promoting open access publishing to bridge the gap between academics and practitioners. in addition to publishing open access articles, par has introduced a new section called practically speaking (ps) to facilitate the communication of practical knowledge. they also plan to make select articles open access for a limited time to highlight innovative research. 2. title: invisible and indispensable: using the lowly request for proposals to advance public value: submission to par for practically speaking. authors: merrick, weston; bernardy, pete; carter, patrick. abstract: requests for proposals (rfp) may be the pinnacle of bureaucratic mundanity. yet, hidden within this apparent monotony are powerful tools to advance public values. federal, state, and local government grants deploy staggering sums, reaching into the hundreds of billions of dollars annually. with these distributions, the executive branch is often delegated substantial discretion. these are choices of consequence, but little support exists for public managers tasked with this work. this article examines the potential to improve administrative decision making by enhancing our understanding of how discretion is authorized and applied regarding rfps. drawing from professional experience, we create a framework to identify dimensions of discretion in these proposals and apply it to a minnesota case. we end with a call for academics and practitioners to better partner on empirical inquiry that improves rfp administration; in doing so, there is immense potential to help civil servants to improve outcomes for the public. 3. title: using return on investment and resiliency return on investment for preparedness. authors: smith, james f. abstract: return on investment (roi) has long been accepted as a primary tool for decision making for capital investments and even choices among competing operational budget lines. applying roi to investments intended to prevent or mitigate future risks and hazards can be very difficult, as benefits are typically arduous to define and calculate while risk probabilities can be very small. this paper uses examples from recent research concerning law enforcement, airport security, and airport resiliency to illustrate the feasibility of computing roi and resiliency roi (rroi) for such investments and to suggest methodology to approach these computations. 4. title: creativity in policy capacity: organizational and individual determinants. authors: fleischer, julia; wanckel, camilla. abstract: creativity is a crucial part of policy capacity in governments. existing studies on creative behavior in the public sector assess employees' openness to new ideas and creative solutions, and they confirm the relevance of organizational and individual determinants for pro creativity attitudes. yet we lack systemic evidence on the explicit level of work related creativity among policy officials in government organizations. at the same time, novel technologies and particularly social networking services change the working environment of policy officials radically, alter organizational features, and may also yield crucial individual effects. our study analyses "policy creativity" of policy officials in three european governments. we demonstrate the importance of organizational and individual features, including the stress triggered by using social networking services. our study captures officials' creativity explicitly and adds to debates on creativity and innovation in the public sector as well as the micro level foundations of the digital transformation in the public sector. 5. title: incentives and effort in the public and private sector. authors: van triest, sander. abstract: while public service motivation theory suggests that public sector employees have higher levels of intrinsic motivation, average pay levels in the public sector are not lower, so public sector employees also value financial incentives. we investigate the relationship of financial incentives with effort (measured with unpaid overtime) for public versus private sector employees using a uk sample. bonuses are used much less in the public sector, but their relationship with effort is not different between sectors. public sector employees exert more effort when base pay is higher and do so to a somewhat higher extent than private sector employees. however, public sector employees increase effort more when effort is an important promotion criterion and when perceived job security is higher. thus, implicit incentives resulting from being in a secure job and developing in that job are more effective for public sector employees than for private sector employees. 6. title: is stress among street level bureaucrats associated with experiences of administrative burden among clients? a multilevel study of the danish unemployment sector. authors: mikkelsen, kim sass; madsen, jonas krogh; baekgaard, martin. abstract: research on street level bureaucracy argues that factors such as stress and burnout affect the behaviors of street level bureaucrats toward clients. at the same time, the literature on administrative burdens argues that citizens face a series of costs when they experience policy implementation as onerous. we draw on both literatures to theorize ways in which street level bureaucrats' behavioral responses to stress states may influence client experiences of administrative burden. using a multilevel dataset of unemployment counselors and unemployment benefit recipients from 53 departments of a danish unemployment insurance fund, we find that stress states among counselors are positively associated with benefit recipients' experiences of both learning costs, compliance costs, and experiences of autonomy loss. we conclude by discussing limitations and practical implications. in particular, we call for research into how street level bureaucrat characteristics influence client experiences of administrative burden. 7. title: knowledge for results and the efficiency of public agencies in colombia. authors: arisi, diego; acevedo, alix cortes; delic, diego; rossi, martin a. abstract: this study examines the impact of an intervention focused on lean thinking and knowledge sharing. the intervention involves the transfer of information from efficient private organizations to public agencies to improve bureaucratic procedures. specifically, we analyze the effectiveness of the knowledge for results (k4r) program in improving the efficiency of public agencies in colombia. our research provides two examples that demonstrate the positive impact of this particular form of lean thinking on operational efficiency. the first example shows that k4r reduces the time required by local ombudsman offices to process petitions from citizens. the second example shows that k4r reduces the time that oncology patients spend in emergency clinics before they can check out from hospitalization. these improvements are quantitatively significant, resulting in efficiency gains ranging from 25 to 40 percent compared with pre program levels. 8. title: representative bureaucracy and family planning service delivery in tanzania. authors: bishu, sebawit g.; osei kojo, alex. abstract: we apply the theory of representative bureaucracy to examine if gender congruence between family planning care providers and service recipients correlates with communication behaviors during consultation. we use nationally representative administrative data from tanzania's demographic and health survey (dhs). we apply a series of logistic and ordered logistic regression analyses and find that gender congruence is correlated with both family planning service recipients' and care providers' communication behaviors. despite confirming the principal tenets of the theory of representative bureaucracy, we also document mixed results when considering the moderating effects of service recipients' prior experience with service on communication behaviors. taken together, representation has a positive effect on female providers' communication behavior. yet, for service recipients, its benefits are contingent upon the type of outcome assessed and prior experience with service. we discuss the policy and practical implications of our study in the context of the benefits and limits of representation. 9. title: representative bureaucracy and organizational attractiveness: an experimental study of symbolic representation of the us and uk police. authors: johnston, karen; alberti, federica; kravariti, foteini. abstract: drawing upon representative bureaucracy theory, this study investigates the relationship between passive and symbolic representation by examining the extent to which a more passively representative public organization would be attractive as an employer. the study involved a randomized survey experiment of members of the public in the us and uk. overall, and contrary to the theory of representative bureaucracy, results show that women found a male dominated police department more attractive. the explanation for the results of the study may lie in bureaucratic reputation as a boundary condition of symbolic representation. 10. title: contact and control: engagement and influence among women of color state agency heads. authors: uttermark, matthew j.; dula, lauren a.; bov�, francesca; scott, kamryn. abstract: while scholarship is delving into the representation of women and people of color within the u.s. bureaucracy, less is known about these individuals' discretion within their roles. using an intersectionality framework, this article explores the experiences of women of color in leadership roles within state government agencies, their communication with elected superiors, and perceptions of their own policy discretion and communication compared with white men and women, and men of color. leveraging the american state administrators project, we find that women of color have less communication with elected officials and their staff but also perceive that they have less discretionary control over their departments. this article highlights that while women of color are increasing in leadership roles within state bureaucracies, disparities exist between women of color and their colleagues. we call attention to the disproportionate levels of oversight and discretion perceived by women of color. 11. title: the benefits of nonprofit reputation: government funding, nonprofit performance, and nonprofit reputational gains. authors: de menezes, aline br�tas; peci, alketa. abstract: reputation is a valuable intangible resource whose role in public�nonprofit collaborations remains unexplored. does nonprofit reputation influence government funding and nonprofit performance? does nonprofit performance enhance nonprofit reputational gains? our identification strategy adopts panel regression methods to assess whether nonprofit reputation influences government funding and nonprofit performance in 675 collaborations between the brazilian ministry of health (moh) and 60 nonprofit hospitals from 2012 to 2019. our results indicate that reputable nonprofit hospitals receive more government funding, hire more staff and achieve higher levels of production. this research also suggests a virtuous cycle: better nonprofit performance leads to nonprofit reputational gains in official rankings. we thus contribute to reputation and public�nonprofit collaboration scholarship by empirically examining the role of nonprofit reputation in public�nonprofit collaborations and identifying mediators of the nonprofit reputation�performance link while responding to calls for more panel data analyses. 12. title: social inequity in administrative burdens: evidence from the supplemental nutrition assistance program (snap). authors: cuffey, joel; newby, kara; smith, sarah. abstract: administrative burdens in government programs are common and may exacerbate inequity in government service provision and access. work requirements represent an onerous administrative burden as they entail substantial effort in complying and documenting compliance. we investigate whether state politics and race influence local supplemental nutrition assistance program (snap) work requirement restrictiveness. to measure restrictiveness, we leverage the fact that states can apply for waivers of the snap work requirement during times of high unemployment. using a novel dataset of county waivers from 2005 to 2018, we investigate whether state politics or county racial composition predict the likelihood a county has work requirements waived, conditional on unemployment. we find that counties in republican controlled states and counties with higher percentages of black populations are less likely to be waived. counties with higher black percentages are less likely to be waived if they are located in republican controlled states. these results highlight the need for greater transparency in waiver implementation. 13. title: how citizens want to "see" the state: exploring the relationship between transparency and public values. authors: schnell, sabina; kim, jiho; munno, greg; nabatchi, tina. abstract: although transparency is recognized as an important public value, few studies examine how citizens see the relationship between transparency and other public values. to empirically investigate this relationship, we distinguish among five types of transparency and explore their associations with different views of "good" government and other public values. using survey data and q methodology, we find that citizens see transparency as an important value, albeit not the most important one. we also find that people give different weight to different kinds of transparency and that this depends on individual characteristics and on their overall value orientation or conception of "good" government. in particular, those who hold a contractarian view of democracy prefer types of transparency associated with accountability. overall, transparency as candor is valued most highly and least associated with other value preferences�suggesting an important interpretation of transparency that has been hitherto neglected in the literature. 14. title: business lobbying in the european union. authors: $&./1469;<=>?a��ʸʦʦ��ye]od6h�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh'x5�ojqj^jh-6<hj�5�ojqjo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h!@�5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jajh-6<5�cjojqj^jaj#h-6<h-6<5�cjojqj^jaj#hz�hz�5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h-6<h-6<5�cjojqj^jaj<=>f�= > � s����  ������������������������gdr7agdagd�psgd)w�gd$?�gd�dhgdto�gd�p�gd�l$gd%j,gd�"�$a$gdt4aghefno����< = > ? @ a g h �����丨�ti[tf9hto�5�ojqj^jo(hto�hto�5�ojqj^j 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�h �5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh'x5�ojqj^jh'x5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h,[bh,[bojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh$?�h �5�ojqj^jo(h�p�h�p�5�ojqj^jo(uhmw�h �5�ojqj^jh[h �5�ojqj^jh,[bh,[b5�ojqj^jh �5�ojqj^jo(saz carranza, angel. abstract: this article discusses a book on business lobbying in the european union (eu) written by david coen, alexander katsaitis, and matia vannoni. the book provides a comprehensive analysis of business-government relations, lobbying, and interest groups in the eu. it uses cross-sectional survey data, textual data, interviews, and data from various sources to examine the changes in the eu lobbying scene over the past 30 years. the book also explores theoretical contributions related to elite pluralism, institutionally contingent lobbying, and the importance of issue areas. it highlights the professionalization of corporate lobbying in brussels and the differences between the eu and us lobbying scenes. while the book focuses on the eu commission and the european parliament, it acknowledges the limitations of not including other institutions and the secretive rule-making process. overall, this book is a valuable resource for researchers interested in public administration, policy networks, and collaborative governance. 15. title: the privatization of everything. how the plunder of public goods transformed america and how we can fight back. authors: mingus, matthew s. abstract: the article discusses the privatization of public goods in the united states and its impact on government and society. it highlights the increase in federal expenditures and the decrease in federal civil servants over the past 60 years, with the money from tax dollars and public borrowing going to corporations through contracts. the authors argue that this form of debt-financed big government undermines democracy and social values. they provide examples of privatization gone wrong and emphasize the need for citizens to take action at the local level to protect public goods. however, the article is criticized for its bias against privatization and for underdeveloping its conclusion. 16. title: global risk management: the role of collective cognition in response to covid 19. authors: schulman, paul. abstract: this book review discusses the concept of "collective cognition" and its role in responding to the covid-19 pandemic. the book provides comparative descriptions of the response of government organizations in 10 countries during the first 6 months of the outbreak. the authors argue that collective cognition, which involves social comprehension of collective risk and the ability to extend knowledge to others, is crucial for effective action against large-scale and fast-moving problems like covid-19. the review also highlights the challenges and complexities of policy-making and management in the face of the pandemic, including the influence of social, cultural, and economic factors on disease outcomes. the authors suggest that the collective cognition model can help inform public health policy and address the vulnerabilities exposed by the pandemic. 17. title: resilience and the management of nonprofit organizations: a new paradigm. authors: lee, michael e. m. abstract: the article discusses the importance of nonprofit organizations in providing essential services to individuals and the community. it highlights the challenges faced by nonprofits in terms of resource instability and the need for sustainability, especially during times of crisis. the authors propose strategies for nonprofit resilience, including anticipating and preparing for crises, maintaining organizational flexibility and adaptability, and implementing various resiliency strategies. the book offers comprehensive and measurable strategies applicable to all types of nonprofit organizations and emphasizes the need for collaboration between the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. however, it also suggests the need for further research on resiliency in the political arena and the power dynamics within the nonprofit sector. overall, the book provides valuable insights for scholars, practitioners, and stakeholders in the nonprofit space.     z|8}:}l}p}r}�}�}�����������������ŵ���~sf[m�@0�htg�htg�5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh'x5�ojqj^jh'x5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(h=h=ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�p�h�p�5�ojqj^jhmw�h �5�ojqj^jh[h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h=h=5�ojqj^j����؃ڃ������������������p�r�d������ŷ����yk�^p@2�hmw�h�7a5�ojqj^jh�r�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(hiwlhiwl5�ojqj^jh)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh'x5�ojqj^jh'x5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(h[h)w�ojqj^jo(htg�htg�ojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�p�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(h�p�h�p�5�ojqj^jhmw�hjmi5�ojqj^j�������� ������� �"�(�*����ǹ���������h1m^jh1m^uh4t/hj<ojqj^jo(hiwlhiwlojqj^jhih)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jh$?�h�7a5�ojqj^jo(�������� �$�&�(�*������������gd�gd)w� 01�82p��. ��a!�"�#��$��%��s�� ��s2���� 0@p`p������2(�� 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 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