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volume 41, issue 4, august 2012
1. title: u.s. nonprofit law reform: the role of private organizations
authors: evelyn brody
abstract: this article compares three recently completed or ongoing u.s. nonprofit law reform projects drafted by three different models of nonprofit institutions: the american law institute, the american bar association, and the uniform law commission. these projects are not themselves law; rather, success depends on enactment by state legislatures or application by practicing attorneys, regulators, and judges. moreover, this entrepreneurial and sometimes competitive model of law reform means that a true unified �charities law� in statutory form is unlikely to emerge in the united states. finally, future law reform might focus less on nonprofit organizational form and more on subsectors or activities in which certain nonprofits (and perhaps also government and businesses) operate.
2. title: issues in nonprofit finance research: surplus, endowment, and endowment portfolios
authors: select this articlewoods bowman, howard p. tuckman, and dennis r. young
abstract: as the first systematic attempt to identify the issues involved in the use of large data sets to examine nonprofit surpluses and endowments, this paper provides suggestions for how best to ensure that the data are consistent and useful. we introduce five definitions of nonprofit surplus (the analogue of profit) and identify when researchers should use one in preference to the other. the distinctions are especially important when analyzing endowed organizations because surpluses affect the amount and rate of accumulation of endowment assets. conversely, an endowment affects how managers and analysts should calculate surplus. information on irs 990 reports is incomplete, so we explain how to construct a pro forma endowment portfolio and endowment spending from available data for the purpose of calculating operating surplus of endowed organizations. we argue that researchers doing statistical analyses with large data bases should distinguish between endowed organizations and those without endowments because their financial behavior may differ. to lump them together is likely to distort statistical results. finally, we discuss practical issues of data cleaning when using data from irs 990 reports.
3. title: organizational learning and marketing capability development: a study of the charity retailing operations of british social enterprise
authors: gordon liu andwai-wai ko
abstract: social enterprise is a hybrid form of profit- and social benefit�seeking organization whereby traditional nonprofit organizations pursue both their social mission and business opportunities. to embrace this new strategic direction shift, the nonprofit organizations need to develop new competences that will enable them to respond to the changes in the business model. the article investigates the learning mechanisms through which social enterprises develop a marketing capability to deploy their resources in the marketplace as the drivers of competitive advantage in their commercial practice. we study eight cases of u.k.-based charity retailers to address the role of knowledge accumulation, articulation, and codification process in the evolution of marketing capability development. we identify, among other things, that the critical process of organizational learning for social enterprise is to transfer the experience into organization-specific knowledge under the social aspects of constraints.
4. title: trust in a cross-sectoral interorganizational network: an empirical investigation of antecedents
authors: hyung-woo lee, peter j. robertson, lavonna lewis, david sloane, lark galloway-gilliam, and jonathan nomachi
abstract: this study explores the antecedents to trust among the participants in a cross-sectoral interorganizational network. we offer hypotheses for nine potential antecedents of trust divided into three categories: attributes of the trustor, of the trustee, and of their relationship. we analyzed dyadic data collected from a network of community-based organizations collaborating to promote change in a south los angeles community. the results of our analysis reveal that trust building is not a simple process but results from a combination of attributes of trustors, trustees, and their relationships. trustors� general tendency to trust other participants in the network, trustees� reputation in the network, whether a trustee is from the same sector as the trustor, whether a trustee is important to the trustor, and the multiplexity of interactions between a trustor and trustee significantly influenced the level of trust. some suggestions for developing trust among participants in such networks are offered.
5. title: how are we doing? a multiple constituency approach to civic association effectiveness
authors: kyu-nahm jun andellen shiau
abstract: increased citizen participation in policy processes through voluntary civic associations warrants an analysis of their effectiveness, which this article undertakes using a multiple constituency framework. we find a gap in the literature on nonprofit effectiveness where theoretical and empirical studies have mainly focused on organizations that directly provide tangible goods and services. we propose a multiple constituency approach to evaluate and understand the implications for assessing the organizational effectiveness of community-based advisory civic associations. we empirically analyze the evaluation of los angeles neighborhood councils by three different constituency groups�citizen participants, street-level bureaucrats, and city council staffs. we find that the effectiveness ratings of the constituency groups are dissimilar on different dimensions of effectiveness. these findings suggest that the multiple constituency framework holds theoretical and practical value for understanding the organizational effectiveness of voluntary associations, where the different goals of various stakeholders lead to different views on effectiveness.
6. title: preserving the publicness of the nonprofit sector: resources, roles, and public values
authors: stephanie moulton andadam eckerd
abstract: nonprofit organizations are increasingly advised to become fiscally self-sufficient and reduce resource dependence to preserve autonomy. however, little is known empirically about the relationships between particular resource streams and the roles espoused by nonprofit organizations that define their public value, including service delivery, innovation, advocacy, individual expression, social capital creation, and citizen engagement. to address this gap in the literature, we collect and analyze survey data from more than 100 nonprofit organizations, developing and testing a new �nonprofit sector public role index� that assesses their perceived performance on six different roles simultaneously. furthermore, we evaluate characteristics that make nonprofits more or less likely to fulfill various roles, with primary emphasis on financial resources. we find evidence that particular resource streams are strongly associated with particular nonprofit roles. therefore, resource dependence�particularly dependence on public support�may play an important value preservation role in the nonprofit sector.
7. title: determinants of voter participation in neighborhood council elections
authors: douglas houston andpaul m. ong
abstract: neighborhood governance has emerged as an important arena for voluntary civic engagement, but little is known about how election participation varies across neighborhoods. we examined the election participation of 88 los angeles neighborhood councils (ncs) and found much of the variation can be explained by neighborhood demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. consistent with the voting participation literature, ncs with a higher percentage of hispanic or poor residents had lower participation. contrary to expectations, ncs with a higher percentage of asian/pacific islander residents or lower educational attainment had higher participation. interestingly, the presence of nonresidential nc stakeholders, such as business owners, workers, and nonprofit organizations, was not significantly related to participation after controlling for other factors.
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8. title: donor-centered planned gift marketing
authors: russell n. james iii
abstract: the article reviews the book �donor-centered planned gift marketing� by russell n. james iii.
9. title: voices from the voluntary sector: perspectives on leadership challenges
authors: michael o�neill
abstract: the article reviews the book �voices from the voluntary sector: perspectives on leadership challenges� by michael o�neill.
10. title: leadership in nonprofit organizations: a reference handbook
authors: lindsey m. mcdougle
abstract: the article reviews the book �leadership in nonprofit organizations: a reference handbook� by lindsey m. mcdougle.
11. title: politics and partnerships: the role of voluntary associations in america�s political past and present
authors: kelly leroux
abstract: the article reviews the book �politics and partnerships: the role of voluntary associations in america�s political past and present� by kelly leroux.
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