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volume 60, issue 2, february 2023
1. title: do financial models reshape un-cooperative cities? on urban founder�s profit and collaborative-communicative planning in times of austerity
authors: jeroen klink
abstract: this paper develops a conceptual approach to articulate the political-economy inspired literature on the financialisation of cities with a critical reading of collaborative-communicative planning theory to recognise the active role of planners in the multi-scalar, collective �making� of financialisation by cities. more particularly, i stretch hilferding�s original idea on founder�s profit, which was associated with the financial gains obtained from initial public offerings and trading of company shares in open markets. in collaboration with private investors and producers of urban space, planners in cash strapped cities and states search for solutions to invest in better cities by anticipating their exclusive rights to various streams of income, while co-promoting and extracting part of urban founder�s profit in doing so. nevertheless, a communication that is framed around the representational spaces and language of financial models triggers planners� increasing entanglements with finance in the transformation of cities into abstract tradeable income yielding assets. a methodological-heuristic case study illustrates how tracing the models enables us to follow the money, exposing the contradictory role of collaborative-communicative planning and demand for a project with alternative time-space epistemologies.
2. title: business improvement districts, class turf war and the strategic weaponisation of class monopoly rent
authors: matthew anderson, zachary arms
abstract: business improvement districts (bids) are understood as a proactive response by locally dependent property owners and businesses aimed at attracting capital investment and consumers back to the central city at a time of increasingly gutted public sector resources. bids have yet to be explicitly examined as a form of rent-seeking, even though the primary motivation for property owners to self-impose additional taxes for implementing �clean and safe� programmes is rent. in this context, the self-imposed tax is treated as a speculative investment that will hopefully yield a return in the form of enhanced profit for businesses and rents for landowners. as such, we conceptualise bids as not only a form of rent-seeking, but an alliance of private-sector actors engaged in the collaborative and strategic mobilisation of class monopoly rent as a weapon against all perceived barriers to profitability. based on evidence from seattle, washington, the paper deepens our understanding of bids by linking this phenomenon to the spatial dynamics of rent within the contemporary neoliberal city and concludes by discussing the implications for what bids reveal about class monopoly rent in particular, the kind of class conflict this form of rent configures and its role within wider processes of neoliberal urbanisation.
3. title: racial disparities in the pattern of intergenerational neighbourhood mobility
authors: sage j kim, jaeyong shin, nebiyou tilahun
abstract: neighbourhood context is known to shape one�s life chances, but much of neighbourhood disadvantage is passed down from parents to children. the gap in social and economic achievements between black and white families in the united states may partially be explained by differences in the intergenerational transmission of neighbourhood context. using census tract socio-economic data, we created a national ranking of us census tracts. we then examined intergenerational neighbourhood mobility using 2828 parent�child pairs from a longitudinal household survey. we found that white children, compared with black children, were more likely to inherit higher neighbourhood ranks from their parents. income and education had smaller negative effects on neighbourhood rank for white children than black children, all other things equal. black children whose parents were in the bottom 25th percentile neighbourhood rank tended to move up in neighbourhood rank. but by much smaller magnitudes than their white counterparts. our findings indicate that different patterns of intergenerational neighbourhood mobility between white and black families may be an important factor for persisting racial disparities in the neighbourhood context.
4. title: disposable infrastructures: �micromobility� platforms and the political economy of transport disruption in austin, texas
authors: john stehlin, will payne
abstract: the rapid rise of digital platform-based transportation services over the past decade has begun to transform urban mobility. fleets of dockless bicycles and scooters � or �micromobility�� represent the newest horizon of investment, particularly in the united states. micromobility platforms launch rapidly, with minimal public planning or funding and no fixed infrastructure, using inexpensive, gps-connected vehicles stored in public space. these platforms represent a deepening of the neoliberalisation of transport, in which infrastructural properties emerge biopolitically from the dynamics of private platforms. this article examines public debates over the regulation of micromobility platforms in austin, texas, in early 2018. drawing on interviews with city officials and bikesharing professionals, observation of public meetings and gis analysis of usage data, we argue that conflicts we observed over new micromobility platforms � specifically �clutter�, equity in geographic coverage and data privacy � obscured the deeper political economy of platformisation and the austerity that limited the effectiveness of the existing public station-based bikeshare system. in austin, the search for �innovative� micromobility transportation at no public cost resulted in the further erosion of the underfunded public system. we argue that despite their flexible, low-carbon image, existing micromobility platforms in the united states largely exploit rather than address inadequacies of urban transport.
5. title: the framing of urban values and qualities in inter-organisational settings: the case of ground floor planning in gothenburg, sweden
authors: stefan molnar
abstract: this article�s overall purpose is to contribute to the recent discussion between the literatures of valuation studies and urban studies. the paper aims to do this by generating knowledge on the framing of urban values and qualities in inter-organisational settings making up wider urban development projects. the paper makes use of a recent framework by metzger and wiberg published in 2017 in urban studies, although employing it in inter-organisational settings, rather than in the intra-organisational settings of those authors. it also adds a systematic focus on issues of value plurality. the paper pursues its aim by interrogating a recent case of inter-organisational ground floor planning in gothenburg, sweden. the article demonstrates how several organisational actors with different reasons for joining the scheme, repeatedly came to shift between different practices, scales, and devices of valuation. one implication of the paper is that the study of inter-organisational valuation allows the researcher to explore the plurality of ways in which actors with different goals evaluate development alternatives to keep the process going. having said this, the paper also touches upon the fact that the value-agnostic sensibility of valuation studies risks making the researcher neglect power asymmetries.
6. title: interstitiality in the smart city: more than top-down and bottom-up smartness
authors: ryan burns, preston welker
abstract: the critical research agenda on smart cities has tended to assume a largely top-down orientation in which powerful actors like the state and corporations enact programmes to embed information & communication technologies (ict) in the urban landscape. because of the way research has framed this relation of power, the dominant response has been to seek social justice by either contesting these top-down exercises of (digital) power or by reconceptualising the smart city �from below�. in this paper, we join a growing chorus of voices recognising the importance of interstitial actors that influence the ways in which the smart city manifests. we draw on a five-year ongoing study in calgary, alberta, to examine two actor groups that are, properly, neither top-down nor bottom-up, but play an important role in envisioning, implementing and contesting how �smartness� is framed. the first set of actors, situated between the top and bottom of the smart city hierarchy, are most prominently community associations, non-profit organisations and ad-hoc task groups. the second group is comprised of groups with different digital practices, whose spectre of marginalisation influences how digital systems are articulated and pursued. these actors strategically move between different interstices in order to enact particular kinds of political influence, and often influence smart cities by virtue of their absence, profoundly impacting urban political geographies of smartness.
7. title: urban water governance as policy boosterism: seoul�s legitimation at the local and global scale
authors: ricardo martinez
abstract: while cities gain international momentum, they increasingly connect to innovate and learn from each other. the attraction of attention and resources lies beneath the economic reasons that drive most of the international entrepreneurship of city governments. in parallel to common market-based strategies, cities also harness their key internal policies as value-added elements to share among peers in order to enhance their transnational reputation. contrary to business-friendly initiatives that are embedded in an economic rationality, this second type of transnational entrepreneurship revolves around the perceived reputation of local policy-making actors in their own right. by establishing an interdisciplinary dialogue between urban geography and international studies, this article proposes the international promotion of seoul�s water management policy as an empirical case of policy boosterism, unearthing a social practice of legitimation enacted by the city government of seoul that is simultaneously local and global.
8. title: surviving and dying through the urban frontier: everyday life, social brokerage and living with militias in rio de janeiro�s west zone
authors: nicholas pope
abstract: urban margins are typically depicted as residual, apolitical spaces, where delinquent activities take place. but these spaces, with their own social, economic and political goings-on, are capable of drawing established urban economic and political structures into question. this paper brings together urban frontiers, political settlements and brokerage literatures to analyse how residents muddle through the challenges of everyday life in the urban margins and interact with coercive systems of rule. through ethnographic fieldwork, this paper focuses on two brokers from neighbouring communities in rio de janeiro�s west zone; exploring how they mediate violent conditions, coercive militia rule and limited resources, and why and how they do so to different effects. by focusing on the spatial and historical dimensions of brokerage, this paper argues that power in rio de janeiro�s margins derives not only from coercive control and domination, but also from agency, legitimacy and social energy. by doing so, this paper unearths potential for more radical possibilities for urban development.
9. title: pursuing dreams in an asian global city: does host language proficiency matter for asian minorities?
authors: jin jiang, hon-kwong lui
abstract: asians who are not attracted by western culture may pursue their dreams in an asian global city. while most people in asia do not use english to communicate in their daily life, past literature on international migration focuses on english-speaking countries. this study uses hong kong (branded an asian global city) as a case study to examine whether mastery of a native language (cantonese) and/or english, a dominant non-native language in the commercial sector, determines the economic success of asian migrants. contrary to the general expectation of the importance of the native language, this study finds that a mastery of english and the official language of china (putonghua) instead of cantonese generates higher earnings for asian minorities. the language advantages for earnings are mediated by the attainment of high-paid occupations. this study suggests that immigrants� assimilation in a host society is not just a local problem but relates to the global and regional contextual factors of the city.
10. title: public space and public rituals: engagement and protest in the digital age
authors: tali hatuka
abstract: in our technology-based society, individuals have more tools that they can use to manage and �show� themselves in public space. in public space, they are monitored by agencies using surveillance practices but they also share information through location-aware technologies. this profound condition alters social norms and, with that, not only change self-rituals practiced in public but also group gatherings in public spaces. with an emphasis on political protests, this commentary focuses on a set of related questions: what characterises contemporary self-rituals in public space? how are these rituals being altered by digitisation processes? how are these changes manifested in the performance of the self during protests? this commentary suggests that public protests in the digital age are �moments of togetherness�, accelerated by social media, which dramatically enhance personalisation processes in collective actions. reflecting on the contemporary alteration of group rituals and protests as extensions of the self, the commentary ends with a discussion about the opportunities and challenges this might bring for future collective actions.
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11. title: detain and deport: the chaotic us immigration enforcement regime
authors: sylvia gonzalez-gorman
abstract: the article reviews the book detain and deport: the chaotic us immigration enforcement regime by nancy hiemstra.
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authors: rebecca heimel
abstract: the article reviews the book �streetcars and the shifting geographies of toronto� by brian doucet and michael doucet.
13. title: care and the city: encounters with urban studies
authors: juliet davis
abstract: the article reviews the book �care and the city: encounters with urban studies� by angelika gabauer and sabine knierbein.
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