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volume 40, issue 1, feb. 2011
1. title: the implications of academic enterprise for public science: an overview of the empirical evidence
authors: maria theresa larsen
abstract: concerns have been raised that the growing emphasis on the commercial value of academic research may have negative, unintended consequences, notably that it may have a deleterious effect on the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge or on the open-ended nature of public science. these concerns have catalyzed an expanding set of empirical studies, the evidence from which is vast and mixed. we review this body of investigative work, teasing out some preliminary conclusions regarding the broader implications of academic enterprise and promising avenues for further research.
2. title: faculty participation in licensing: implications for research
authors: jerry g. thursby, marie c. thursby
abstract: we exploit a unique database on research and invention disclosure of faculty at 11 major us universities over a period of 17 years to explore the extent to which faculty involvement in license activity has affected their research profiles. we relate faculty disclosures to their industry and government-sponsored research, publications, and citations. recent disclosure by faculty has a positive effect on industry and government funding, but, if they disclose multiple times, the effect on government funding can be negative. recent and repeated disclosures increase the faculty member's publication count as well as the importance of these publications in terms of citations. we also examine life-cycle effects and find that the ability to attract funding and the rate of publication increase as the faculty member ages but at a decreasing rate. we also find that post-tenure, both types of funding decrease.
3. title: gaining from interactions with universities: multiple methods for nurturing absorptive capacity
authors: kate bishop, pablo d�este, andy neely
abstract: this paper examines the various methods through which firms benefit from interactions with universities, arguing that such benefits are instrumental in nurturing the multiple facets of a firm's absorptive capacity. we bring together data collected from a survey of uk firms that collaborated with universities, and firm-level data on past partnerships with universities. the results show that benefits from interactions with universities are multifaceted, including enhancement of the firm's explorative and exploitative capabilities. results also indicate that firms� r&d commitments, geographical proximity to and research quality of university partners have a distinct impact on the different types of benefits from interactions with universities. we find geographical proximity is crucial for assessing problem-solving as an important benefit, while interactions with top quality universities have a positive influence on the benefits associated with firms� downstream activities. we discuss the implications of these findings for research and policy.
4. title: breaking the ivory tower: academic entrepreneurship in the life sciences in uk and germany
authors: carolin haeussler, jeannette a. colyvas
abstract: we examine engagement in commercial activities (consulting, patenting, and founding) among more than 2200 german and uk life scientists. we test hypotheses that include attributes of individuals, their material and social resources, and perceptions about values and reputation. we find that characteristics reflecting professional security, advantage and productivity are strong predictors for a greater breadth of participation in academic entrepreneurship, but not for all forms of technology transfer that we are able to test. for such academics, science and commerce go hand in hand, as they are best poised to straddle the boundary between industry and academy. we find strong support, however, that scientists perceive the value of patenting differently, and the level of reputational importance placed on scientific compared to commercial achievements matters in shaping commercial involvement.
5. title: the impact of academic patenting on university research and its transfer
authors: gustavo crespi, pablo d�este, roberto fontana, aldo geuna
abstract: this paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the impact of academic patenting on publishing and knowledge transfer. drawing upon two separate surveys of academics, and their cv information, we provide empirical evidence for uk academics in engineering and physical sciences. the contribution of this paper is two-fold. first, our findings show that (the intensity of) academic patenting complements publishing up to a certain level of patenting output, after which we find evidence of a substitution effect. we also find weak evidence of important differences across scientific fields with the more basic-oriented fields showing indications of a crowding-out effect. second, our analysis of the potential impact of patenting on knowledge transfer shows a positive correlation between the stock of patents and engagement in knowledge transfer channels. however, we find that a substitution effect sets in, indicating an inverted u-shaped relationship between patenting and several knowledge transfer channels.
6. title: divergent paths to commercial science: a comparison of scientists� founding and advising activities
authors: waverly ding, emily choi
abstract: this paper investigates the difference in the profiles of university scientists who have founded or advised companies. we analyzed the commercial activities of a sample of 6138 university life scientists and found that the profiles of scientists who become academic entrepreneurs are different from those who become companies� scientific advisors. founding activity occurs earlier during a scientist's career than advising. factors such as gender, research productivity, social networks and employer characteristics also differ in their effects on the propensity for founding and advising. in addition, regression analysis shows that being a company's scientific advisor decreases the probability of becoming an academic founder. overall, evidence from our analysis suggests that founding and advising are two divergent paths for commercially oriented university scientists.
7. title: the mechanisms of collaboration in inventive teams: composition, social networks, and geography
authors: janet bercovitz, maryann feldman
abstract: this paper investigates the composition of creative teams of academic scientists engaged in inventive activity. our data provides a unique opportunity to explore the links between team composition and commercialization outcomes. we find that there are coordination costs associated with reaching across academic departments and organizational boundaries to build teams. however, we also find evidence of benefits due to knowledge diversity, particularly in the cases of truly novel combinations. in support of internal cohesion arguments, we find that performance improves with the experience of the team. in line with arguments regarding the value of diverse external networks, we find that teams that are composed of members from multiple institutions � focal university, other research institution, and/or industry � are more successful in generating patents, licenses, and royalties. finally, we find that the presence of prior social ties supporting links with external team members positively influences commercial outcomes. we find that there is no benefit to proximity in team configuration.
8. title: inventor moral hazard in university licensing: the role of contracts
authors: emmanuel dechenaux, jerry thursby, marie thursby
abstract: we examine commonly observed forms of payment, such as milestones, royalties, or consulting contracts as ways of engaging inventors in the development of licensed inventions. our theoretical model shows that when milestones are feasible, royalties are not optimal unless the licensing firm is risk averse. the model also predicts the use of consulting contracts which improve the firm�s ability to monitor inventor effort. because these contracts increase the firm�s expected profits, the upfront fee that the university can charge is higher than otherwise. these results therefore support the commonly observed university policy of allowing faculty to consult with licensing firms outside of their university contracts. they also support firm policies of including milestones. an empirical analysis based on a survey of 112 businesses that license-in university inventions supports the complementarity of milestones and consulting suggested by the theory.
9. title: information-sharing in academia and the industry: a comparative study
authors: carolin haeussler
abstract: this paper investigates how scientists decide whether to share information with their colleagues or not. detailed data on the decisions of 1694 bio-scientists allow to detect similarities and differences between academia-based and industry-based scientists. arguments from social capital theory are applied to explain why individuals share information even at (temporary) personal cost. in both realms, the results suggest that the likelihood of sharing decreases with the competitive value of the requested information. factors related to social capital, i.e., expected reciprocity and the extent to which a scientist's community conforms to the norm of open science, either directly affect information-sharing or moderate competitive interest considerations on information-sharing. the effect depends on the system to which a scientist belongs.
10. title: is the us outperforming europe in university technology licensing? a new perspective on the european paradox
authors: annamaria conti, patrick gaule
abstract: europe is perceived to be lagging behind the us in converting its academic results into economic outcomes. using new survey data on european and us technology transfer offices (ttos), we find that differences in academic research, tto staff and experience explain to a great extent the gap between the us and europe in terms of the number of license agreements concluded. however, these factors account for only part of the difference in license income. we relate the difference in licensing income to differences in the organization and staffing of ttos. our analysis reveals that us ttos do not attach more importance to generating revenue as an objective than their european counterparts. however, they employ more staff with experience in industry which explains some of the remaining differential in license income performance.
11. title: do competitively acquired funds induce universities to increase productivity?
authors: thomas bolli, frank somogyi
abstract: this paper analyzes the impact of private and public third-party funds on the productivity of swiss university departments and public research institutions. estimating a production function assuming that labor inputs produce master students and scientific publications reveals a positive effect of public third-party funding on productivity but not for private funds. however, once we include technology transfer as an additional output, the coefficient for public third-party funding turns insignificant while private funding becomes significant, indicating that the disciplining effect of public donors focuses on publications while private donors foster technology transfer. we employ three alternative approaches to tackle endogeneity and find qualitatively robust results.
12. title: the european university landscape: a micro characterization based on evidence from the aquameth project
authors: cinzia daraio, andrea bonaccorsi, aldo geuna, benedetto lepori, laurent bach, peter bogetoft, margarida f. cardoso, elena castro-martinez, gustavo crespi, ignacio fernandez de lucio, harold fried, adela garcia-aracil, annamaria inzelt, ben jongbloed, gerhard kempkes, patrick llerena, mireille matt, maria olivares, carsten pohl, tarmo raty, et al.
abstract: this paper provides a new and systematic characterization of 488 universities, from 11 european countries: finland, france, germany, hungary, italy, netherlands, norway, portugal, spain, switzerland and uk. using micro indicators built on the integrated aquameth database, we characterize the european university landscape according to the following dimensions: history/foundation of university, dynamics of growth, specialization pattern, subject mix, funding composition, offer profile and productivity.
13. title: rickety numbers: volatility of university rankings and policy implications
authors: michaela saisana, b�atrice d�hombres, andrea saltelli
abstract: the most popular world university rankings are routinely taken at face value by media and social actors. while these rankings are politically influential, they are sensitive to both the conceptual framework (the set of indicators) and the modelling choices made in their construction (e.g., weighting or type of aggregation). a robustness analysis, based on a multi-modelling approach, aims to test the validity of the inference about the rankings produced in the academic ranking of world universities (arwu) of shanghai jiao tong university and those produced by the uk's times higher education supplement (thes). conclusions are drawn on the reliability of individual university ranks and on relative country or macro regional performance (e.g., europe versus usa versus china) in terms of the number of top performing institutions. we find that while university and country level statistical inferences are unsound, the inference on macro regions is more robust. the paper also aims to propose an alternative ranking which is more dependant on the framework than on the methodological choices.
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