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volume 31, issue 4, october 2021
1. title: �whatever it takes�: sexual harassment in the context of resource dependence
authors: erynn e beaton, megan lepere-schloop, rebecca smith
abstract: research suggests powerful resource dependencies are present in the public and nonprofit sectors. the individuals operating at the nexus between organizations and resource providers, and who mitigate dependencies, are referred to as boundary spanners. research suggests that there may be both positive and negative personal repercussions for boundary spanners, but research has not sufficiently examined these unintended consequences through a gender lens. bringing together research on resource dependence and sexual harassment, this study explores sexual harassment as an unintended consequence for boundary spanners of resource dependence mitigation strategies. drawing on a feminist methodology and purposive sampling, we engaged in interviews with 36 professional fundraisers, a quintessential boundary spanning role, to examine the problem of sexual harassment by donors. these experiences leave fundraisers feeling harassed by donors and exploited by employers that pressure them to do �whatever it takes� to obtain donations. we contribute to research on resource dependence by surfacing sexual harassment and exploitation as unintended consequences for boundary spanners of strategies to mitigate organizational resource dependence. our findings assist in reconsidering the assumptions that underly resource dependence theory and related research.
2. title: evaluating the role of government collaboration in the perceived performance of community-based nonprofits: three propositions
authors: jos� nederhand
abstract: the topic of government�nonprofit collaboration continues to be much-discussed in the literature. however, there has been little consensus on whether and how collaborating with government is beneficial for the performance of community-based nonprofits. this article examines three dominant theoretical interpretations of the relationship between collaboration and performance: collaboration is necessary for the performance of nonprofits; the absence of collaboration is necessary for the performance of nonprofits; and the effect of collaboration is contingent on the nonprofits� bridging and bonding network ties. building on the ideas of governance, nonprofit, and social capital in their respective literature, this article uses set-theoretic methods (fsqca) to conceptualize and test their relationship. results show the pivotal role of the nonprofit�s network ties in mitigating the effects of either collaborating or abstaining from collaborating with government. particularly, the political network ties of nonprofits are crucial to explaining the relationship between collaboration and performance. the evidence demonstrates the value of studying collaboration processes in context.
3. title: formal hierarchies and informal networks: how organizational structure shapes information search in local government
authors: travis a whetsell, alexander kroll, leisha dehart-davis
abstract: attention to informal communication networks within public organizations has grown in recent decades. while research has documented the role of individual cognition and social structure in understanding information search in organizations, this article emphasizes the importance of formal hierarchy. we argue that the structural attributes of bureaucracies are too important to be neglected when modeling knowledge flows in public organizations. empirically, we examine interpersonal information-seeking patterns among 143 employees in a small city government, using exponential random graph modeling (ergm). the results suggest that formal structure strongly shapes information search patterns while accounting for social network variables and individual-level perceptions. we find that formal status, permission pathways, and departmental membership all affect employees� information search. understanding the effects of organizational structure on information search networks will offer opportunities to improve information flows in public organizations via design choices.
4. title: guiding or following the crowd? strategic communication as reputational and regulatory strategy
authors: moritz m�ller, caelesta braun
abstract: a recently emerging literature demonstrates that reputational concerns explain why regulatory agencies strategically communicate and engage with their manifold audience. we complement this literature by examining the potential of strategic communication as a reputational and regulatory strategy. based on a reputational approach to public agencies, we assume agencies to strategically diversify between proactively or reactively engaging with public concerns raised by their audiences, depending on whether a core or evolving competency is at stake. we test these assumptions empirically by examining frame alignment between formal communication of the european central bank (ecb) and public concerns raised by ecb audiences. our analysis yields two key findings. first, our findings indicate external frame alignment signaling a strategic reactive strategy by the ecb to diversify its timing in responding to concerns raised by its audiences. second, we find a pattern of internal frame alignment between the ecb�s core competencies and evolving competencies, indicating strategic linkage of attention to various competencies. our study demonstrates how analyzing an agency�s formal communication in tandem with public concerns of its audiences via machine learning techniques can significantly improve our understanding of agency responsiveness and yields significant insights into the democratic legitimacy of regulatory agencies.
5. title: media attention and bureaucratic responsiveness
authors: aaron erlich, daniel berliner, brian palmer-rubin, benjamin e bagozzi
abstract: how does media attention shape bureaucratic behavior? we answer this question using novel data from the mexican federal government. we first develop a new indicator for periods of anomalously heightened media attention, based on 150,000 news articles pertaining to 22 mexican government ministries and agencies, and qualitatively categorize their themes. we then evaluate government responsiveness using administrative data on roughly 500,000 requests for government information over a 10-year period, with their associated responses. a panel fixed-effects approach demonstrates effects of media attention on the volume of outgoing weekly responses, while a second approach finds effects on the �queue� of information requests already filed when anomalous media attention begins. consistent across these empirical approaches, we find that media attention shapes bureaucratic behavior. positive or neutral attention is associated with reduced responsiveness, while the effects of negative attention vary, with attention to government failures leading to increased responsiveness but attention to corruption leading to reduced responsiveness. these patterns are consistent with mechanisms of reputation management, disclosure threat, and workload burden, but inconsistent with mechanisms of credit claiming or blame avoidance.
6. title: race, ethnicity, and immigration: assessing the link between passive and active representation for foreign-born clients
authors: k jur�e capers, candis w smith
abstract: representative bureaucracy scholars contend that clients are likely to experience greater benefits and more positive policy outcomes from public agencies when bureaucrats share salient demographic characteristics. despite the large body of evidence that shows a link between passive and active representation, much of the extant representative bureaucracy literature rests on an assumption of group homogeneity. however, racial groups have a great deal of heterogeneity among them, particularly due to immigration patterns. one-fifth of black americans have ties to some other country, thus allowing us to leverage heterogeneity among this group to examine who most effectively represents foreign-born clients. differences between black native-born bureaucrats and black foreign-born clients in experiences, socialization processes, and interests may hinder the linkage between passive and active representation for black immigrants. however, a shared connection to immigration among foreign-born black clients and latinx and asian bureaucrats may facilitate a passive to active representation linkage for black immigrants. using fixed effects, comparative relational analytic models, we analyze new york city public school data from the 2005�2006 to 2015�2016 school terms to find that racial representative bureaucracy crosses ethnic lines. both foreign-born and native-born black students experience performance gains when taught by a black teacher. our research holds implications for understanding the complexities of representation for pan-ethnic groups and emphasizes the challenges that heterogeneity poses for the theory of representative bureaucracy.
7. title: pathways of representation in network governance: evidence from multi-jurisdictional disasters
authors: toddi steelman, branda nowell, anne-lise velez, ryan scott
abstract: governance systems reconcile diverse interests to enable collective decision-making and action. questions related to representation in the governance of networks are addressed in the literature; underexplored is the empirical variation in governance arrangements and pathways of representation. complex, multi-jurisdictional disasters provide a robust theoretical and empirical context in which to investigate network governance pathways due to the tensions between democratic principles of representation and the need for timely, expert-informed response actions. in this article, we address three questions related to network governance, representation, and complex disasters: what governance structures allow for a representation of diverse interests? what governance structures provide a perception of voice to key affected parties? and where do we see variation in the kinds of structures that give voice to these entities? using an inductive, grounded theory approach along with mixed methods that include case studies, interviews, and archival data in the form ics 209 incident reports, we provide evidence from 10 of the most jurisdictionally complex wildfires that took place in 2017. in doing so, we introduce the distinction between macro and micro structures of network governance for understanding more precisely the pathways by which representation occurs and how representation functions in disaster networks. there is no singular normative goal when we think about network governance and representation in disasters; rather there are competing contingencies that emerge out of complex contexts. we propose four key propositions to guide further work in this arena.
8. title: quasi-market competition in public service provision: user sorting and cream-skimming
authors: thorbj�rn sejr guul, ulrik hvidman, hans henrik sievertsen
abstract: quasi-markets that introduce choice and competition between public service providers are intended to improve quality and efficiency. this article demonstrates that quasi-market competition may also affect the distribution of users. first, we develop a simple theoretical framework that distinguishes between user sorting and cream-skimming as mechanisms through which quasi-markets may lead to high-ability users becoming more concentrated among one group of providers and low-ability users among a different group. second, we empirically examine the impact of a nationwide quasi-market policy that introduced choice and activity-based budgeting into danish public high schools. we exploit variation in the degree of competition that schools were exposed to, based on the concentration of providers within a geographical area. using a differences-in-differences design�and register data containing the full population of students over a 9-year period (n = 207,394)�we show that the composition of students became more concentrated in terms of intake grade point average after the reform in high-competition areas relative to low-competition areas. these responses in high-competition regions appear to be driven both by changes in user sorting on the demand side and by cream-skimming behavior among public providers on the supply side.
9. title: how does public disclosure of performance information affect politicians� attitudes towards effort allocation? evidence from a survey experiment
authors: sebastian desmidt, kenn meyfroodt
abstract: does relative performance information (pi) still impact politicians� attitudes when the potential for external blame or credit is limited? and, if not, is the active disclosure of pi about government activities with a low propensity for media attention an effective strategy for increasing the effect of pi? despite the tendency to progressively disclose pi, empirical evidence on the effectiveness of publicly disclosing pi is almost non-existent. hence, a survey embedded experiment was developed, building on self-determination theory and blame-avoidance theory, to assess how the provision of pi with a low propensity to attract media attention affects politicians� attitudes towards resource allocation and whether this effect is altered by the public disclosure of pi. data from 795 belgian (flemish) local councilors indicates that pi with a low propensity for media attention does impact politicians� attitudes towards effort allocation but that public disclosure of pi mitigates the effect size in the case of negative-valence pi. thus, the results draw attention to the unintended�and potentially dysfunctional�effects of the disclosure of pi.
10. title: the importance of oversight and agency capacity in enhancing performance in public service delivery
authors: cody a drolc, lael r keiser
abstract: government agencies often encounter problems in service delivery when implementing public programs. this undermines effectiveness and raise questions about accountability. a central component of responsiveness and performance management is that agencies correct course when problems are identified. however, public agencies have an uneven record in responding to problems. in this article, we investigate whether, and to what extent, capacity both within the agency and within institutions performing oversight improves agency responsiveness to poor-performance indicators. using panel data on eligibility determinations in the social security disability program from us state agencies from 1991 to 2015 and fixed effects regression, we find that indicators of agency and oversight capacity moderate the relationship between poor performance and improvement. our results suggest that investments in building capacity not only within agencies, but also within elected institutions, are important for successful policy implementation. however, we find evidence that while agency capacity alone can improve responsiveness to poor performance, the effect of oversight capacity on improving performance requires high agency capacity.
11. title: thanks, but no thanks: preferences towards teleworking colleagues in public organizations
authors: valentina mele, nicola bell�, maria cucciniello
abstract: over the last decades, one of the most significant changes in the workplaces of government agencies around the world has been the introduction of telework. the relatively scant public administration research on this innovation and on its semantic or substantive variations such as telecommuting, home-work, remote work, and smart work has examined its effects on teleworkers and only recently on non-teleworkers. however, scholars have overlooked the relational dynamics triggered by telework. this is the focus of our study. we start by connecting telework with specific features of public bureaucracies, such as control, modularity, and the separation of professional and personal life. next, we explore through a mixed-methods design a relational dynamic overlooked by previous studies, that is, the preferences of non-teleworkers towards teleworking colleagues and the motives behind them. results from a discrete choice experiment with over 1,000 non-teleworking public employees revealed a remarkably strong preference toward non-teleworkers. a qualitative follow-up based on semi-structured interviews found the workplace collective as the locus of the tensions caused by telework and illuminated critical issues perceived by non-teleworkers, ensuring a more fine-grained understanding of the impacts of flexible work arrangements on the functioning of public organizations.
12. title: reducing compliance demands in government benefit programs improves the psychological well-being of target group members
authors: martin baekgaard, kim sass mikkelsen, jonas krogh madsen, julian christensen
abstract: state actions impact the lives of citizens in general and government benefit recipients in particular. however, little is known about whether experiences of psychological costs among benefit recipients can be relieved by reducing compliance demands in interactions with the state. across three studies, we provide evidence that reducing demands causes relief. in a survey experiment, we show that psychological costs experienced by danish unemployment insurance recipients change in response to information about actual reduced compliance demands. in two field studies, we exploit survey data collected around a sudden, exogenous shock (the covid-19 lockdown of the danish society in march 2020), which led to immediate reductions in compliance demands in denmark�s active labor market policies. we test whether two groups of benefit recipients experienced reduced psychological costs in response to these sudden reductions in compliance demands imposed by the state. across all studies, we find that the reduction of compliance demands is associated with an increased sense of autonomy, and in two of the three studies, it is associated with reduced stress. overall, our findings suggest that psychological costs experienced by benefit recipients are indeed affected by state actions in the form of compliance demands.
13. title: nonprofits: a public policy tool for the promotion of community subjective well-being
authors: robert w ressler, pamela paxton, kristopher velasco, lilla pivnick, inbar weiss ...
abstract: looking to supplement common economic indicators, politicians and policymakers are increasingly interested in how to measure and improve the subjective well-being of communities. theories about nonprofit organizations suggest that they represent a potential policy-amenable lever to increase community subjective well-being. using longitudinal cross-lagged panel models with irs and twitter data, this study explores whether communities with higher numbers of nonprofits per capita exhibit greater subjective well-being in the form of more expressions of positive emotion, engagement, and relationships. we find associations, robust to sample bias concerns, between most types of nonprofit organizations and decreases in negative emotions, negative sentiments about relationships, and disengagement. we also find an association between nonprofit presence and the proportion of words tweeted in a county that indicate engagement. these findings contribute to our theoretical understanding of why nonprofit organizations matter for community-level outcomes and how they should be considered an important public policy lever.
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