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volume 49, issue 6, december 2022
1. title: dynamics of expectations in the bioeconomy�hopes, disillusionments, and conflicting futures
authors: johanna ahola-launonen, sofi kurki
abstract: the initial european union bioeconomy policies have been criticized for their overriding economic emphasis at the cost of social and environmental sustainability. the updated policy aims to respond to more ambitious sustainability goals but fails to do so coherently. in this article, we examine the dynamics of bioeconomy expectations. we analyze the development of bioeconomy policy as a technoscientific imaginary by dissecting the changed expectations, their underlying tensions, and the directions to which their combinations guide policymaking. we find that the revised expectations are contradictory and culminate in two key tensions regarding the bioeconomy�s expected scale and socioeconomic paradigm. to enable assessment of the outcomes of conflicting expectations, we examine images of potential futures that rise up from combinations of the key tensions. for this, we use a framework of the four generic scenario narratives. the analysis provides a tool for reflection for assessing the directions and priorities of evolving bioeconomy discourse and policy.
2. title: bridging climate change science and policy through tmns in turkey: com as a boundary-object
authors: asl1 ��t erbil, mehmet erolu, ebru g�n�l t�rk
abstract: this paper qualitatively investigates one of the influential transnational municipal networks, covenant of mayors for climate and energy (com) s position in three turkish municipal governments in bridging the climate change science and climate change policy gap. in the last two decades, the importance of science-based policymaking for climate mitigation and adaptation and transnational municipal networks empowered by municipalities that guide city policies linked to international agreements has been recognized. in this paper, we argue that com has acted as a boundary-object in producing climate change policies and plans in turkish municipal governments. however, com has done so to a certain extent; their effectiveness was limited due to the general atmosphere on climate change policies in turkey. we substantiate this claim through a two-layer examination: a case-specific analysis of three municipalities and semi-structured interviews with thirteen experts in climate change policy-related issues.
3. title: public deliberation and the regulation of gene drive in the usa
authors: william f west, leah w buchman, raul f medina
abstract: gene drive is a new form of biotechnology designed to bias the inheritance of selected traits in animal or plant species that reproduce sexually and have relatively short reproductive cycles. unlike traditional breeding techniques and other forms of biotechnology, gene drive is designed to spread in wild populations. as such, the prospect of its application raises ecological and socioeconomic concerns that the current system of biotechnology regulation in the usa is ill-equipped to address. foremost among the proposals for reform is the need for deliberative participation in decision-making by stakeholders representing a broader range of interests and analytical perspectives. as appealing as they are in the abstract, these recommendations overlook both practical and political challenges to democratic governance in administration that have received little attention.
4. title: why do big science projects exist? the role of social preferences
authors: marco vincenzi
abstract: recent work has excluded sociocultural factors among the determinants of big science projects. this paper empirically tests the role of four different measures of social preferences, namely altruism, trust, negative reciprocity, and positive reciprocity, in increasing the likelihood of sustaining international cooperation in big science projects. using a novel database of cross-sectional observations from seventy-six countries, this study finds evidence of a positive and statistically significant relationship between negative reciprocity and both time and risk preferences, namely patience and risk-taking. the science policy implication of this study is that a broader theory of clubs can guide meta-organizations in establishing, maintaining, or denying membership in big science projects based on the long-term orientation and reputation as a committed cooperator of a country.
5. title: embracing heterogeneity: why plural understandings strengthen interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity
authors: bianca vienni-baptista, isabel fletcher, catherine lyall, christian pohl
abstract: interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity are seen as promising ways to address societies� grand challenges and so have become important topics in academic and policy discourses, particularly as part of discussions about mission-oriented knowledge production and research funding processes. however, there is an important disconnect between the way these terms are defined and used in the academic literature and the way they are defined and used in the policy literature. academic writing on interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity offers plural understandings of both terms, whereas policy documents argue for concrete and simplified definitions. in this paper, we analyse the implications of these differences for research and funding. on the basis of an extensive literature review, we argue that the heterogeneity of understandings in interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity constitutes an asset. we advocate for the plurality of understandings to be used constructively in order to strengthen and promote effective research and research funding.
6. title: an institutionalist perspective on smart specialization: towards a political economy of regional innovation policy
authors: maximilian benner
abstract: the smart specialization approach has guided regional innovation policies in europe for roughly a decade. however, the policy practice under the approach has met considerable criticism which suggests the existence of significant gaps between the conceptual level and the level of policy implementation. to explain and understand the reasons for these gaps, this article proposes an institutionalist perspective rooted in neo-institutional sociology. in particular, the article draws on concepts such as ceremony, myth, and isomorphism and argues that such an institutionalist perspective can provide one of several fields of further research on the political economy of regional innovation policy. pursuing such research is particularly relevant to inform policymaking in the coming years, given the current tendency to re-orient smart specialization towards challenge orientation, directionality, normativity, and sustainability.
7. title: strengthening the university third mission through building community capabilities alongside university capabilities
authors: il-haam petersen, glenda kruss, nicole van rheede
abstract: growing concern about widening inequalities and a deepening sustainability crisis has prompted new directions and conceptions of the third mission of universities. this paper contributes by drawing attention to the capabilities required to enable mutually-beneficial engagement with community-based partners in resource-poor local settings to not only co-produce scholarly outputs but also co-produce development outcomes. based on in-depth case study research of three resource-poor communities in south africa, we identify a set of capabilities that communities need to possess to seek out and engage with suitable partners and to co-learn through their engagement activities. we propose a new framework, a community �dynamic interactive capabilities� (von tunzelmann and wang, 2003) framework, extending the concept from firms and universities to local community settings. the framework prompts a fresh way of thinking about the third mission, whereby universities orient their engaged teaching and research activities in ways co-evolved with the capabilities of community partners.
8. title: understanding why civil servants are reluctant to carry out transition tasks
authors: rik b braams, joeri h wesseling, albert j meijer, marko p hekkert
abstract: the transition literature attributes various transition tasks to government to support socio-technical transitions toward overcoming societal challenges. it is, however, difficult for civil servants to execute these transition tasks, because they partly conflict with public administration (pa) traditions that provide legitimacy to their work. this dilemma is discussed in neither the transition literature nor the pa literature. in this paper, we ask civil servants about the normative arguments that reflect their role perception within the institutional structures of their ministry, when it comes to executing transition tasks. we see these situated and enacted normative arguments and underlying assumptions as implicit rules determining legitimacy. the arguments civil servants used confirm that transition tasks are currently difficult to execute within the civil service. we found seven institutionalized rules that explain this difficulty and highlight the inadequacy of civil servants to adhere to the pa traditions while trying to execute transition tasks.
9. title: cooperative innovation and crises: foreign subsidiaries, state-owned enterprises, and domestic private firms
authors: antonio garc�a-s�nchez, ruth rama
abstract: this article studies whether foreign subsidiaries (fss) are able to cooperate for innovation with local partners during good and harsh economic times. it also enquires as to whether these companies and different types of domestic firms displayed similar cooperative behaviour during 2004�16. the period is divided into three sub-periods (boom, downturn, and recovery), and three logit models with panel data of a representative sample of spanish firms are proposed. the ability of fss to cooperate for innovation is maintained throughout the business cycle. these firms are better at cooperating than are unaffiliated firms but not significantly better than domestic business groups. state-owned enterprises strongly outperform both fss and domestic private firms during the boom, the downturn, and the recovery. unaffiliated domestic firms manage to cooperate during the boom and the recovery but not during the downturn. predictors of cooperative innovation vary throughout the business cycle. the results contain policy implications.
10. title: anti-transparency within the eu shift to open science
authors: gustaf nelhans, jan nolin
abstract: in 2014, the european commission initiated a process to strengthen science 2.0 as a core research policy concept. however, this turned into a substantial ideational shift. the concept of science 2.0 was dropped. instead, open science became established as one of the three pillars of the � 94 billion research framework programme horizon europe. this article scrutinises the official narrative regarding the shift of concepts, identifying transparency issues, specifically misrepresentation of concepts and data, and the redaction of key material. this can be characterised as problems of input legitimacy. a public consultation did take place, but numerous transparency issues can be found. from science 2.0 to open science, the ideational shift was portrayed as simply a matter of exchanging two synonymous concepts. however, science 2.0 is a descriptive concept referring to science being transformed by digitalisation. in contrast, open science involves normative assumptions about how science should work and be governed.
11. title: responding to a disease with resources from other diseases: evidence from zika vaccine research dynamics
authors: ohid yaqub, javier a luna, duncan aq moore, alfredo yegros-yegros
abstract: responding to health needs in one disease area might rely on being able to draw on research and funding oriented towards other disease areas. however, the tendency of medical research to cross-disease areas has received limited empirical consideration. an outbreak, in a disease area with little prior research or funding, means that any research response will necessarily be rich with cross-disease flows. this affords a setting that allows us to identify and examine the phenomenon over time. we estimate the extent to which the vaccine research community�s response to zika virus drew on research and funding from other diseases. we find that a persistently low share of funding into zika vaccine research was zika-oriented. in contrast, a much higher share of knowledge inputs was oriented to zika. the exercise serves to illustrate some general themes in priority setting for health research systems alongside some core features of vaccine innovation.
12. title: clinical trial transparency regulations: implications to various scholarly publishing stakeholders
authors: habeeb ibrahim abdul razack, jesil mathew aranjani, sam t mathew
abstract: as thousands of 2019 corona virus disease (covid-19) clinical trials are continuously getting added to various registries these days, good practices on data sharing and transparency have become one of the prime topics of discussion than ever before. although trial registration is considered a crucial step, there is a lack of integration between registration and published literature. trial outcomes are a matter of public interest, but sponsor compliances are not adequate with the recommended guidelines. although the global recognition of data transparency increases day by day, there is still a long journey to travel. it is high time that scholarly publishing stakeholders should put in a collaborative effort to check author compliance. in this article, we aimed to comprehend and discuss the imperative roles of various scholarly publishing stakeholders in improving clinical trial transparency during this pandemic situation and highlight the changing paradigm towards the pressing need for reporting clinical trial data more effectively.
13. title: academics� prosocial motivation for engagement with society: the case of german academics in health science
authors: e sormani, k uude
abstract: although research has shown the importance of prosocial motivation for academic engagement in public good (universities� so-called �third mission�), research is yet to examine such motivation in depth. this study develops an empirical understanding of the dimensions of prosocial motivation in academics� engagement, focusing particularly on societal engagement. self-determination theory and conceptual forms of prosocial motivation (principlism, egoism, collectivism, and altruism) assist in interpreting the dimensions. we conducted twenty-five qualitative interviews with academics in the field of health science in germany. three dimensions of prosocial motivation emerged from the data: (1) personal, (2) academic role, and (3) academic field. the results demonstrate how the various conceptual forms of prosocial motivation are reflected in these dimensions. additionally, we advance our understanding of how intrinsic and extrinsic elements are reflected in academics� prosocial motivation. we offer important theoretical, managerial, and policy implications by significantly improving the understanding of academics� prosocial motivation.
14. title: an assessment of the us small business innovation research (sbir) program: a study of project failure
authors: albert n link, christopher a swann, martijn van hasselt
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