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vol. 38, issue 2, mar. 2011
1. title: introduction to special issue: the policy rationale for cross-sector research collaboration and contemporary consequences.
authors: tim hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "turpin, tim"||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for turpin, tim" turpin, manuel hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "fern�ndez-esquinas, manuel"||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for fern�ndez-esquinas, manuel" fern�ndez-esquinas
abstract: national policies and practices shape the tools and institutional form of cross-sector research collaboration (csrc). however, because innovation systems vary considerably across different countries, so too has the evolution of policy. in this special issue contributions review the policy processes and their implications in seven countries: australia; norway; germany; the usa; spain; ireland; and the uk. overall the comparisons reveal some common trends. for example, there is a general trend toward the institutionalisation of collaborative processes and practices in formal organisational structures. however, the variation across systems, governance and industrial structures reinforce the need for a diverse approach to csrc policy. many policy mechanisms reflect a response to the policy challenge of achieving a balance between maintaining long-term scientific excellence as well as solving short-term problems for industry. a lesson that emerges from the comparative perspective is to also take into account the pressure for organisational change in organisations engaged with csrc that is driven by these policies.
2. title: cross-sector research collaboration in australia: the cooperative research centres program at the crossroads.
authors: tim hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "turpin, tim"||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for turpin, tim" turpin, sam hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "garrett-jones, sam"||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for garrett-jones, sam" garrett-jones, richard hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "woolley, richard"||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for woolley, richard" woolley
abstract: in this article we trace changes in the institutional and social dynamics that have steered cross-sector r&d collaboration in australia. public policy provided the initial push toward cross-sector collaboration. the cooperative research centres (crc) program is australia's most longstanding national arrangement for industry-university-government research collaboration. over the past two decades the program has grown to become the dominant model for cross-sector r&d cooperation in the country. because of the size of the program in the australian innovation system it has also become a major focus for debate about science policy. universities have now institutionalised this imperative in all sorts of ways that steer research funding and career opportunities for their academic staff. expectations and aspirations of crc staff, doctoral students and potential staff and students are now deeply embedded in centres' evolutionary processes.
3. title: institutionalization of university-industry interaction: an empirical study of the impact of formal structures on collaboration patterns.
authors: taran hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "thune, taran"||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for thune, taran" thune, magnus hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "gulbrandsen, magnus"||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for gulbrandsen, magnus" gulbrandsen
abstract: this article addresses the increasing formalization of cross-sector collaboration between universities and industry seen in the development of public funding schemes such as collaborative research centers (crcs). this policy trend is analyzed in the article and investigated empirically, treating the organizational arrangements supporting cross-sector collaboration as a dependent variable, where the purpose is to investigate institutionalization processes through a number of case studies of university--industry collaboration. the investigation indicates that less formal, project-based collaborations, contrary to policy assumptions, often display a higher degree of institutionalization than crcs, and that crcs represent highly formal but weakly institutionalized frameworks of collaboration. the main reason is that centers involve several industrial partners and as a consequence crcs represent several different modalities of collaboration at the same time.
4. title: institutions and practice in cross-sector research collaboration: conceptual considerations with empirical illustrations from the german science sector.
authors: daniel hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "schiller, daniel"||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for schiller, daniel" schiller
abstract: this article introduces a framework for analyzing the interplay of institutions and practice for cross-sector research collaboration (csrc) between science and industry. the german science sector, which has been reformed to a remarkable degree during the last 10 years, is used as an empirical case study. the article assesses the impact of selected recent reforms on the stimulation and outcome of csrc. in general, positive impacts on csrc in terms of governance, scope and rewards are expected. however, some of the reforms are yet to be fully implemented and some even conflict with existing practice.
5. title: cross-sector research collaboration in the usa: a national innovation system perspective.
authors: denis o. hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "gray, denis o."||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for gray, denis o." gray
abstract: this article uses a conceptual framework drawn from a national innovation systems (nis) perspective to examine cross-sector research collaboration (csrc) in the usa. the article describes how csrc happens, how this relates to critical historical and public policy elements of the us nis and examines how effective this approach has been. in the usa, csrc is a product of both historical factors and the evolving system of science, technology and innovation (sti) policy that has its roots in both the federal and state/local levels of government. these forces and other social and economic factors have resulted in a diverse collection of both informal and formal linkage mechanisms. implications for us public policy and other nis are discussed.
6. title: emerging forms of cross-sector collaboration in the spanish innovation system.
authors: manuel hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "fern�ndez-esquinas, manuel"||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for fern�ndez-esquinas, manuel" fern�ndez-esquinas, irene hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "ramos-vielba, irene"||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for ramos-vielba, irene" ramos-vielba
abstract: the spanish innovation system has grown since the 1980s following a predominantly supply-side model where r&d capacities have concentrated in universities and public research organizations. since then efforts have been made to stimulate cross-sector linkages. these have relied on university--industry projects, various forms of interface organizations, technology centers and programs to encourage mobility. however, initiatives have encountered some significant drawbacks. due to a lack of progress, a range of centers and other collaborative arrangements have emerged since 2000 to try to foster greater collaboration and firm based innovation. the process of policy change and their institutional structure are examined in the context of current and potential impact on the national innovation system.
7. title: irish experience of cross-sector research collaboration initiatives.
authors: jim hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "ryan, jim"||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for ryan, jim" ryan
abstract: in 1999 a public policy change, significantly based on insights from a major technology foresight exercise (forf�s, 1999), resulted in major investment in s&t in ireland. this investment focused on infrastructure and skills needs of the higher education sector, and was intended to develop innovative competence and ireland's attractiveness to foreign industry. in this context an increasing policy concern of government has been to promote effective cross-sectoral research collaboration. policy responses have been to establish collaborative research, programs to fund industry-directed research, and on-campus facilities to foster interactions. the experience suggests that increasing overall r&d funding does not result in more technology for industry, nor in more academic interest in collaboration. some of the factors critical to successful collaboration are reviewed.
8. title: structural innovations: towards a unified perspective?
authors: jeremy hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "howells, jeremy"||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for howells, jeremy" howells, jakob hyperlink "javascript:__dolinkpostback('','ss~~ar "edler, jakob"||sl~~rl','');" \o "search for edler, jakob" edler
abstract: this article argues that the intervention to generate structural innovations and with it the structural interaction between organisation actors can be understood as attempts to tackle system failures in innovation systems, mainly as regards networking and actor capabilities. however, these interventions are challenging, they often rest on simplistic assumptions on interaction and networking needs and potentially generate dysfunctional systemic effects. these challenges are discussed using illustrations of structural innovations to improve industry-academic collaborations in the uk and germany. the article then concludes with a conceptual and policy discussion of opportunities, challenges and unintended consequences of deliberate structural innovation and intervention in structural interaction.
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