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volume 59, issue 4, march 2022
1. title: anchoring the social economy at the metropolitan scale: findings from the liverpool city region
authors: matthew thompson, alan southern, helen heap
abstract: this article revisits debates on the contribution of the social economy to urban economic development, specifically focusing on the scale of the city region. it presents a novel tripartite definition � empirical, essentialist, holistic � as a useful frame for future research into urban social economies. findings from an in-depth case study of the scale, scope and value of the liverpool city region�s social economy are presented through this framing. this research suggests that the social economy has the potential to build a workable alternative to neoliberal economic development if given sufficient tailored institutional support and if seen as a holistic integrated city-regional system, with anchor institutions and community anchor organisations playing key roles.
2. title: mind the rent gap: blackstone, housing investment and the reordering of urban rent surfaces
authors: brett christophers
abstract: recent years have seen a burst of new writing on the opening and closing of urban rent gaps. such studies generally consider individual cases. rarely does the opportunity arise to readily compare and contrast rent gaps across multiple cities and territories, least of all within the context of a single developer or investor portfolio. such an opportunity has arisen in the past decade, however, as the us investment firm blackstone has pursued a multi-territory housing-investment strategy specifically of identifying and closing rent gaps, which it styles �buy it, fix it, sell it�. this article examines that strategy and the varying nature of its implementation in danish, german, swedish and us cities. it argues that the rent gap is a paradoxical phenomenon: vast gaps, promising vast profits, frequently open up and frequently remain open for long periods before being closed � if they are closed at all. a primary reason is that successful and profitable closure requires not just favourable local political-economic conditions but a singularly well-funded, determined and aggressive investor � an investor, that is, such as blackstone.
3. title: of political entrepreneurs: assembling community and social capital in hyderabad�s informal settlements
authors: indivar jonnalagadda
abstract: this paper theorises the political entrepreneurship of local political actors variously described as brokers, fixers or leaders, by examining their consistent and flexible labour towards gaining and maintaining political influence in informal settlements. through close attention to how two exemplary individuals work and network with a combination of political parties, non-governmental organisations (ngos) and local associations, i reveal the crucial role of political entrepreneurs in organising or representing local populations as legible �communities�, and thus, in mediating relations between communities and external agencies such as the state, political parties, non-governmental organisations (ngos) and also academic researchers. observing informal settlements in this relational framework sheds light on how political entrepreneurs compete to become obligatory intermediaries between various institutions. this approach destabilises conceptions about the social infrastructure and social capital of a locality which underlie many community development programmes. further, i argue that in the long-term, the careers of political entrepreneurs are punctuated by structural constraints in the form of limits to political party patronage, volatile ngo funding and the transient presence of academic researchers. the work of reproducing the social capital of the neighbourhood becomes a persistent and anxious striving with few actual opportunities for mobility.
4. title: haphazard urbanisation: urban informality, politics and power in egypt
authors: deen sharp
abstract: the egyptian military regime of abd al-fattah el-sisi has announced as part of its vision 2030 its intention to eliminate informal urban areas. the regime has identified these areas � commonly known by the arabic term �ashwa�iyyat (which means haphazard) � as a threat to the nation. the egyptian state, however, has no clear conception of what urban informality constitutes or what exactly it is eradicating. to understand how and why the state has placed urban informality as central to its politics, i contend that we have to examine the political processes through which this uncertain yet powerful concept is produced. urban informality, i argue, is a political intervention that is always fleeting and geographically specific in an otherwise haphazard context. haphazard urbanisation points to the complex power struggles by a range of actors, both within and beyond the state, through which the formal and informal divide can mark urban life. in a critical reading of the first major study of informality in egypt, i show how the urban was divided into the formal and informal through outdated laws. i detail, by engaging sources in english and arabic, how the egyptian state militarised urban informality from the 1990s onwards. i argue that it is through this historical framing that we must understand el-sisi�s current war against urban informality. in turn, i argue that the regime�s attempt to eliminate informality has not resulted in greater control over what and how urban informality appears but has deepened the hazardisation of urban life.
5. title: mapping and making gangland: a legacy of redlining and enjoining gang neighbourhoods in los angeles
authors: stefano bloch, susan a. phillips
abstract: we provide an example of how race- and place-based legacies of disinvestment initiated by new deal era redlining regimes under the auspices of the home owners� loan corporation (holc) were followed by decades of anti-gang over-policing tactics at the scale of the neighbourhood. we show how holc-mediated and mapped redlining has sustained community disinvestment and stigmatisation wrought by unjust and racist social policy seen to this day in contemporary geographies of gang abatement in the form of mapped gang injunction �safety zones�. as we illustrate with the use of two case studies from los angeles � in south-central la and la�s san fernando valley � it is overwhelmingly redlined neighbourhoods that have remained marginalised, becoming civilly enjoined �gang� neighbourhoods faced with oppressive anti-gang policing tactics over the past few decades.
6. title: the effect of film production studios on housing prices in atlanta, the hollywood of the south
authors: velma zahirovic-herbert, karen m gibler
abstract: governments compete to attract film productions to their communities, expecting them to provide economic benefits directly through local purchases and employment and indirectly through publicity and image building. atlanta, georgia, has become a large film production hub, partially because of a state tax credit programme. as a result, permanent production facilities have been established that may influence surrounding real estate prices. convenience and a desire to live among other creatives may encourage actors, technical workers and support staff to live nearby, and the film industry cachet may attract additional residents, increasing house prices. however, if the facilities are perceived to be similar to other industrial operations, they may negatively affect surrounding house prices. we investigate film production studios� effect on residential property values using housing sales data and information on film production studios� location, size and year established. to mitigate bias from the potential endogeneity of studios� location choices, we augment the standard hedonic pricing framework to incorporate proximity to a film production studio and construct treatment and comparison groups. using a spatial difference-in-difference framework, we find that while houses located closest to film production studios tend to sell for lower prices than houses further away, the discount is not attributable to the studios. instead, the establishment of a new studio, especially a large one, is a positive event in the housing market. these findings have important policy implications for local governments in making decisions about film industry incentives and facilities� site selection as possible drivers of redevelopment.
7. title: neighbourhood places, collective efficacy and crime: a longitudinal perspective
authors: renee zahnow, jonathan corcoran, anthony kimpton, rebecca wickes
abstract: neighbourhood places like shops, cafes and parks support a variety of social interactions ranging from the ephemeral to the intimate. repeated interactions at neighbourhood places over time lay the foundation for the development of social cohesion and collective efficacy. in this study, we examine the proposition that changes in the presence or arrangement of neighbourhood places can destabilise social cohesion and collective efficacy, which has implications for crime. using spatially integrated crime, social survey and parcel-level land-use classification data, we estimate mixed effects panel models predicting changes in theft and nuisance crimes across 147 australian neighbourhoods. the findings are consistent with neighbourhood social control and crime opportunity theories. neighbourhood development � indicated by fewer vacant properties and fewer industrial and agricultural sites � is associated with higher collective efficacy and less crime over time. conversely, introducing more restaurants, transit stations and cinemas is associated with higher theft and nuisance over time regardless of neighbourhood collective efficacy. we argue that the addition of socially conducive places can leave neighbourhoods vulnerable to crime until new patterns of sociability emerge and collective efficacy develops.
8. title: housing wealth, mortgages and australians� labour force participation in later life
authors: rachel ong, gavin a wood, melek cigdem
abstract: in the life cycle model of consumption and saving, homeownership is an important vehicle for horizontal redistribution. households accumulate wealth in owner-occupied housing during working lives before benefiting from imputed rent streams in retirement. but in some countries housing wealth�s welfare role has broadened as owners increasingly use flexible mortgages to smooth consumption during working lives. one consequence is higher outstanding mortgages later in life, a burden exacerbated by high real house prices that compel home buyers to demand mortgages that are a growing multiple of their incomes. we investigate whether these developments are prompting longer working lives, an idea that is especially relevant in countries offering relatively low government pensions. australia is one such country. we use the 2001�2017 panels of the household, income and labour dynamics in australia survey to estimate hazard models of exits from the australian labour force as workers approach pensionable age. we find that those with high outstanding mortgage debts are more likely to postpone retirement, as are those with relatively low amounts of private pension wealth. these results are stronger in urban housing markets, and especially among males.
9. title: spatial spillover effects of crime on private investment at nearby micro-places
authors: arthur acolin, rebecca j. walter, marie skubak tillyer, johanna lacoe, raphael bostic
abstract: criminal activity may influence the decisions of existing property owners or prospective investors to invest in a property, given the potential elevated expenses and increased uncertainty that often accompany crime. this study investigates the relationship between crime and private investment at nearby micro-places using location-specific crime incident and building permit data from 2008 to 2018 in the cities of chicago, los angeles, new york, philadelphia, san antonio and seattle. data were aggregated to the blockface-level to examine how changes in investment on a blockface are influenced by changes in crime on that blockface and adjacent blockfaces in the subsequent year. results indicate that an increase in total crime on a blockface was associated with a significant decrease in building permit activity the following year in all six cities, but the relationship is less strong when aggregating crime from adjacent blockfaces. when looking at spillover effects, higher crime on adjacent blockfaces was significantly associated with lower levels of investment beyond the effect of the crime trend on that blockface in los angeles and san antonio. though the relationship between adjacent blockface crime and investment was negative across the other four cities, it was not statistically significant. taken together, these findings suggest that effective targeted crime prevention policies may have the added benefit of spurring local economic investment and that the impact of crime is very localised.
10. title: the contingency of neighbourhood diversity: variation of social context using mobile phone application data
authors: wenfei xu
abstract: this research uses high-density anonymised mobile phone application (mpa) global-positioning system (gps) data to describe exposure to racial diversity in different social contexts with an aim to clarify the mechanism linking residential diversity to opportunities for diverse social interactions. in particular, it explores the hypothesis that a diverse residential context does not lead to diverse social contact by comparing three exposure measures � residential, observed and interaction � on the census block group level in chicago. in doing so, it also explores the contribution of activity spaces to opportunities for diverse social contact. the findings show that the exposure to opportunities for diverse social contact measured by mpa data is generally higher than what is implied by residential census data, especially in areas of high residential segregation in the city. further, measures using mpa data reveal more spatiotemporal heterogeneity of exposure than that implied by the residential context.
11. title: inter-city transport infrastructure and intra-city housing markets: estimating the redistribution effect of high-speed rail in shenzhen, china
authors: zheng chang, mi diao
abstract: this study analyses the changes in intra-city housing values in response to improved inter-city connection brought by high-speed rail (hsr), using the opening of the hangzhou�fuzhou�shenzhen passenger dedicated line (hfsl) in shenzhen, china, as an example. the opening of the hfsl and its integration into the local metro network at shenzhen north station provide exogenous intra-city variations in access to the surrounding economic mass. with a difference-in-differences approach, we find that the hfsl showed a negative local effect as housing values declined by 11.5%�13.3% in the proximity of shenzhen north station relative to areas further from the station after the opening, possibly due to the negative externalities of the hfsl. the hfsl effect can spread along the metro network and lead to, on average, a 7% appreciation of housing values around metro stations (network effect). the direction and strength of the network effect vary by metro travel time between shenzhen north station and metro stations. housing values decreased by 7.7% around metro stations within 5 15 minutes of metro travel time but increased by 63.6%, 16.6% and 29.2% around metro stations within 15 25, 25 35 and 35 45 minutes of metro travel time to shenzhen north station, respectively. the hfsl
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