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volume 39, issue 1, february 2012
1. title: indicators for science and technology policy in pakistan: entering the science, technology and innovation paradigm
authors: arabella bhutto, pir irfanullah rashdi, and qazi moinuddin abro
abstract: this article discusses the current trends in science and technology (s&t) indicators in pakistan which rely on the s&t/r&d expenditures, research organisations/institutes, qualified personnel, and publications and patents granted. it then identifies the need to integrate the innovation indicators in order to enable better evaluation and development of s&t policies. new innovation indicators are proposed, based on the conceptual learning from the oecd blue sky forum held in 2006. this forum considered global interest in the direction of integrating s&t and innovation indicators and evidence-based policy development. the learning achieved from this forum is applied in the context of pakistan to discuss the utility of three major innovation indicators: establishment of linkages and networks; diffusion of innovative knowledge and technology; and management of innovative knowledge inside pakistan.
2. title: the macro-environment for liquid biofuels in brazilian science and public policies
authors: e. talamini and h. dewes
abstract: the purpose of this study is to identify the macro-environmental dimensions through which brazilian scientists and government officials have framed issues surrounding liquid biofuels over a period of time. this study analyzes scientific papers published by researchers affiliated with brazilian institutions and official documents of the brazilian government related to liquid biofuels. documents published during a ten-year period (1997�2006) were collected from electronic sources. text-mining procedures were applied through a framework of macro-environmental dimensions and their corresponding d-words in order to extract high-quality content. results indicate that the macro-environment developed by brazilian scientists differs from the one created by the government. variations in describing macro-environmental dimensions existed for both the brazilian government and for scientists during the period of analysis. similarity tests reveal significant differences between the scientific documents and the government documents, indicating that brazilian public policy regarding liquid biofuels is dissociated from the scientific findings of brazilian researchers.
3. title: classifying us nano-scientists: of cautious innovators, regulators, and technology optimists
authors: youngjae kim, elizabeth a. corley, and dietram a. scheufele
abstract: government regulations to address technological risks are important for the successful development and application of nanotechnology, but there is an ongoing debate in the usa about who is responsible for the regulation of nanotechnology. in a mail survey of leading us nano-scientists, we examine scientists� perceptions about nano-regulation, including the government level (local, national, or international) at which the scientists believe nanotechnology regulation should be implemented. this regulatory discussion is important because international regulations are often difficult to adopt and implement; yet, local or state-level regulations could lead to the nanotechnology equivalent of the pollution haven hypothesis. we conclude that leading us nano-scientists have varying perceptions about nanotechnology regulations with some scientists supporting local regulations, but most scientists supporting national-level or international-level regulations. additionally, our results show the emergence of three distinct categories of nano-scientists that have unique perspectives on nano-regulation: �cautious innovators�, �nano-regulators�, and �technology optimists�.
4. title: researching scientific entrepreneurship in new zealand
authors: malcolm b. menzies
abstract: commercialisation of research, science and technology (rs&t) in new zealand and elsewhere tends to be based on models of technology transfer which are more appropriate for existing economic sectors than for new ones. scientific entrepreneurship offers another approach to innovation, but research on this phenomenon faces a number of difficulties. alternative approaches are required. this paper uses a methodology based on the precepts of critical realism, retroductive enquiry and grounded theory to develop a metacompetency model which has the potential to increase the incidence of scientific entrepreneurship. whether or not this increase actually happens will depend on a number of challenges being overcome, and the paper ends with a discussion of implications for innovation policy and management.
5. title: a referral is worth a thousand ads: job search methods and scientist outcomes in the market for postdoctoral scholars
authors: thomas e. wei, victoria levin, and lindsay m. sabik
abstract: the contributions postdoctoral scholars make to scientific production are well-documented. increasingly in the usa, serving as a postdoctoral scholar is an expected component of a scientist's career. a notable feature of the job market for postdoctoral scholars is that it is ad hoc. social network theory and supporting empirical evidence suggest that personal connections in job searches are beneficial for turnover, satisfaction, and productivity outcomes. this is particularly relevant given the large fraction of foreign postdoctoral scholars, who may naturally be more constrained in their search networks than their us-based counterparts. using the sigma xi scientific research society's data on postdoctoral scholars in the usa, we explore the relationship between job search methods and these outcomes, focusing on the differences in outcomes between domestic and foreign postdoctoral scholars. we find suggestive evidence of weaker networks for foreign postdoctoral scholars, who more often resort to �impersonal� searches. the resulting difference in job match quality is related to differences in turnover, satisfaction, and productivity, which suggests that public policies to facilitate the job search of postdoctoral scholars (foreign ones especially) may yield substantial benefits.
6. title: systemic instruments for systemic innovation problems: a framework for policy makers and innovation scholars
authors: anna j. wieczorek and marko p. hekkert
abstract: systemic policy instruments are receiving increased attention among innovation scholars as a means to stimulate sustainability oriented technological innovation. the instruments are called systemic in the expectation that they will improve the functioning of entire (innovation) systems. a first step in designing systemic instruments is an analysis of the systemic problems that hinder the development of a specific technological trajectory. this paper argues that two approaches to studying innovation systems�structural and functional analyses�can be combined in a systemic policy framework that helps to first, identify the systemic problems; and second, to suggest the systemic instruments that would address these problems.
7. title: integration modes in eu research: centrifugality versus coordination of national research policies
authors: liv langfeldt, helge god�, �se gornitzka, and aris kaloudis
abstract: in the past decade, eu research policy has become more central to the eu's political ambitions and its instruments are expanding in scale and scope. recently there has been mounting apprehension over the eu's r&d efforts, such as the framework programmes, and their adequacies in meeting european and global �grand challenges�. how european-level and national research efforts interact is a key condition for enhancing europe's research competitiveness and responsiveness. this paper presents data from norway indicating that the r&d institutions adapt to european-level priorities directly, whereas the national authorities have a limited impact on the country's european research portfolio. it points to a need for thorough analysis of national path-dependencies, and how the nation states organise and coordinate their participation in european programmes, specifically for facing present and future �grand challenges�.
8. title: the future of nanomedicine: promises and limitations
authors: r. l. juliano
abstract: the nascent field of nanomedicine has evoked enormous interest among physical and biological scientists and has already attracted hundreds of millions of dollars of research funding. the great appeal of nanomedicine lies in its promise of using the unique properties of nanoscale materials to address some of the most challenging problems of medical diagnosis and therapy. while some questions have been raised about the possible toxicities of nanomaterials, and about the ethical implications of applying these advanced, but undoubtedly expensive, technologies to medical practice, for the most part nanomedicine has enjoyed unalloyed enthusiasm from both its proponents in the research community and from policy makers. however, will the promise of nanomedicine actually be fulfilled? this paper discusses the internal intellectual culture of nanomedicine and how that gives rise to problems and contradictions that may slow its evolution and introduction into clinical practice.
9. title: mapping the role of official bioethics advice in the governance of biotechnologies in the eu: the european group on ethics� opinion on commercial cord blood banking
authors: alison mohr, helen busby, tamara hervey, and robert dingwall
abstract: in the early 1990s, the eu's proposed bioeconomic agenda provoked ethical concerns among its citizenry. in response to the political impasse between economic and ethical imperatives, as well as the perceived lack of democratic legitimacy, the eu established an expert bioethics advisory body, known as the european group on ethics in science and new technologies (ege). situated at the boundary between law, bioethics and economic policy, the ege plays an ambiguous role in the governance of biotechnologies in the eu. to elucidate the nature of its role and influence, this paper considers the ege as an integral element of a broader web of governance spanning eu and member state institutions. using as a case study the emerging controversy surrounding commercial cord blood banking, we explore whether the ege and its ethical opinions on this matter have contributed to the democratic legitimacy of the eu.
10. title: user innovation and the market
authors: fred gault
abstract: this paper proposes a way of including in official statistics consumers as user innovators who modify or develop products for their own use. the issue addressed is the role of the market in the definition of innovation in the oecd/eurostat oslo manual and the exclusion by that definition of consumers who modify or develop products and then freely reveal the knowledge thus gained to others. a change to the definition, which also has implications for the measurement of innovation in the public sector, is proposed. the policy implications of user innovation by consumers and by firms are considered along with the importance of including consumer user innovation in official statistics. the paper ends with a programme for future work.
11. title: conceiving ethical gamete and embryo research in a post-dickey�wicker usa
authors: lisa campo-engelstein, candace tingen, sarah rodriguez, and teresa k. woodruff
abstract: in a recent essay in science, we advocated lifting restrictions on federal funding for research involving parthenogenesis, restrictions that have been placed by a rider, the dickey�wicker amendment (dwa), to every budget for the us department of labor, health, and human services, and education since 1996. we concluded that contribution by calling for the reconsideration of the entire amendment and suggesting that it be removed from the budget. in this contribution, we outline how research using human parthenotes, embryos, stem cells, eggs, or sperm could be ethically funded if the dwa were to be rescinded in the usa.
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12. title: innovation strategies for a global economy: development, implementation, measurement and management by fred gault
authors: richard hawkins
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