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��ࡱ�>�� wy����v��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �r��`bjbj��2d�}�}d: ���������������������8/d���ol��������'o)o)o)o)o)o)o$pq��s8moq������mo����4�ommm������'om�'ommm����� ��te��}^mo�o0�om*t�f*tmm�/*t�l��m�����momo!,����o������������������������������������������������������������������������*t���������� �: urban studies volume 59, issue 6, may 2022 1. title: the constitution of the city and the critique of critical urban theory authors: allen j. scott abstract: a theoretical account of the genesis and internal spatial structure of cities is given. the essence of the urbanisation process is described in terms of the following main developmental phases: (a) the emergence of relationships based on specialisation and interdependence in society; (b) the pre-eminent role of the division of labour within these relationships and its recomposition in dense spatial nodes of human activity; and (c) the concomitant formation of the networked intra-urban spaces of the city. these phases are then contextualised within three intertwined dimensions of urban materiality, namely, an internal dimension (the internal organisation and spatial dynamics of the city), a socially ambient dimension (the relational structure of society at large) and an exogenous dimension (the geographic outside of the city). in light of this account, an evaluative review of what i designate �the new critical urban theory� is carried out, with special reference to planetary urbanisation, postcolonial urban theory and comparativist methodologies. i argue that while every individual city represents a uniquely complex combination of social conjunctures, there are nonetheless definite senses in which urban phenomena are susceptible to investigation at the highest levels of theoretical generality. 2. title: the refugees� right to the centre of the city: city branding versus city commoning in athens authors: charalampos tsavdaroglou, maria kaika abstract: over the years, cities have figured as exemplary places for neoliberal urban policies which tend to appropriate the right to the city through city-branding policies. however, as this article demonstrates, there are important claims of the right to the city raised by newly arrived refugees in the city of athens. although most refugees reside in overcrowded state-run camps on the outskirts of the city, there are many cases in which refugees enact the production of collective common spaces, occupying abandoned buildings in the urban core and claiming the right to the centre of the city. in this context and following the lefebvrian notion of the right to the city and the spatial analysis on commons and enclosures, we explore the actions of refugees, and the way they engage in commoning practices that not only strive against the official state policies, but also often contest city-branding policies. in particular, we focus on the area of exarcheia in athens, which is an emblematic case of the conflicted nexus between investors� and refugees� right to the city. 3. title: displacement through development? property turnover and eviction risk in seattle authors: alex ramiller abstract: eviction is a powerful form of displacement that perpetuates and amplifies socioeconomic and racial inequalities through the rental housing market. examining the relationship between evictions and property turnover through neil smith�s theories of gentrification and uneven geographical development, this article considers the argument that eviction provides a mechanism for property owners to facilitate displacement prior to property redevelopment and neighbourhood change. models of property-level turnover in the city of seattle reveal that evictions are more likely to occur at properties that are sold in the same year, properties where planned demolition or remodelling activity is imminent and buildings that have been recently constructed. increased likelihood of eviction is also associated with a greater volume of remodelling and demolition permit applications filed in the surrounding neighbourhood, suggesting that evictions may be more likely to occur at the early stages of development-driven neighbourhood change. these findings highlight the multifaceted relationship between evictions and property turnover and illustrate the value of administrative microdata for displacement research. 4. title: legacy participation and the buried history of racialised spaces: hypermodern revitalisation in rio de janeiro�s port area authors: abigail friendly, ana paula pimentel walker abstract: scholars have documented how financial capital has produced displacement driven by hypermodern urban spaces characterised by luxury and exclusivity. in this article we highlight how hypermodern public�private partnerships (ppps) often re-write history, creating a futuristic global city image. our case study of porto maravilha�s ppp reviews a dualistic narrative in the context of changes in rio de janeiro in preparation for the 2014 world cup and 2016 olympics. porto maravilha aimed to position rio de janeiro as a centre of global competition and capital. however, this narrative re-framed the history of the transatlantic slave trade through discursive tactics that diluted and undermined the brutality of slavery in rio�s port. furthermore, this hypermodern ppp reinforced the post-abolition discriminatory urban planning policies that dislodged africans and afro-brazilians from their places of residence, work and culture in the port district. the result is the erasure of the experiences of black brazilians in the port area for touristic consumption, selling the city on the world stage. given this contradiction, we develop the concept of �legacy participation� to secure the rights of afro-brazilians and their organisations to make decisions about their own territory. 5. title: �i can�t just go up to a person to ask what�s going on.� how dutch urbanites� accounts of non-engagement enhance our understanding of urban care authors: laurine blonk, margo trappenburg, femmianne bredewold abstract: in the context of increasing appeals to informal care in western welfare state policies, questions concerning urban sociality acquire new significance. this paper aims to contribute to the emergent thinking on �urban care� by situating it in policy debates concerning care responsibilities between citizens. we used small-scale focus groups among urban residents in the hague (the netherlands) to inquire into the accounts urbanites give of engaging or not engaging with perceived care needs of a stranger. informed by goffman�s �civil inattention�, we found that accounts of non-engagement highlight urbanites� orientation towards maintaining friendly social interactions in the face of strange or worrisome situations. urbanites feel that they should respect people�s choices even if these might hurt them. they fear that interference might be humiliating and they attribute to themselves the task of sticking to normality, while family members, friends or professionals might take on the task to intervene. this careful non-engagement, contrasted with long-standing accounts of urban indifference, enhances our understanding of urban care. 6. title: can subsidies paid directly to employers reduce residential discrimination in employment? an assessment based on serial field experiments authors: sylvain chareyron, laetitia challe, yannick l�horty, pascale petit abstract: �emplois francs� is a new public policy in france that provides financial assistance to companies when they hire a jobseeker living in a disadvantaged neighbourhood. this study evaluates the effect of this policy by using three waves of correspondence tests spaced six months apart to measure discrimination in access to employment based on ethnic origin and place of residence. we find a substantial level of discrimination based on ethnic origin and a lower level of residential discrimination. we find that the programme decreases residential discrimination after six months, but we cannot conclude that the effect is still present 12 months later. 7. title: understanding the geography of affordable housing provided through land value capture: evidence from england authors: alexander lord, chi-wan cheang, richard dunning abstract: governments the world over routinely undertake land value capture (lvc) to recover some (or all) of the uplift in land values arising from the right to develop in order to fund infrastructure and public goods. instruments to exact lvc are diverse but are usually implemented independently. however, since 2011 england has been experimenting with a dual approach to lvc, applying both a tariff-style levy to fund local infrastructure (the community infrastructure levy) and negotiated obligations, used primarily to fund affordable housing (section 106 agreements). in this article we employ a difference-in-differences (did) method to identify the interaction of these two instruments available to local planning authorities. we explore the question of whether the community infrastructure levy �crowds out� affordable housing secured through section 106 planning agreements. in so doing we show that the interaction of these two approaches is heterogeneous across local authorities of different types. this raises questions for understanding the economic geography of development activity and the theory and practice of land value capture. 8. title: seoul�s nocturnal urbanism: an emergent night-time economy of substitute driving and fast deliveries authors: jieheerah yun abstract: seoul has undergone a very rapid urbanisation and modernisation process, particularly in the years since the korean war, as the city became part of the global capitalist system. examining night-time mobility in today�s seoul, this article seeks to contribute to the recent scholarly attention given to night-time economies and related new spatial practices. in particular, it considers the night-time substitute driver services (or daeri-gisa) and fast grocery delivery, along with their spatial practices related to the urban built environment of seoul. after examining statistical and ethnographic data on substitute drivers and grocery deliverers, i conclude that while the influence of external factors in global capitalism cannot be denied, the thriving night-time driver/delivery services in seoul are also shaped by local urban conditions including intricate public transportation, a frequent �company night out culture� and the predominantly vertical organisation of residential space. 9. title: the spatial reach of financial centres: an empirical investigation of interurban trade in capital market services authors: tom hashimoto, vladim�r pa~itka, dariusz w�jcik abstract: this article investigates the spatial patterns of interurban trade in capital market services by analysing 16,324 trade links involving advisers and clients in the visegr�d four plus austria and their counter-parties worldwide between 2000 and 2014. we aim to address a gap in the research on financial centres and interurban trade by providing empirical evidence on the relationship between the complexity of services and the size of market areas across which they are traded. we utilise recent contributions to central place theory (cpt), which provide us with suitably general models of interurban trade applicable to financial services. the key proposition of cpt in this respect is that more complex services are traded across larger market areas, thus translating into a further spatial reach of service centres. given that these propositions are derived at a very general level, we rely on global city theory for explaining the underlying causal mechanisms in the context of capital market services. our analysis examines the geography of adviser�client trade links to investigate how spatial patterns of interurban trade in capital market services are shaped by the characteristics of the services traded. we uncover evidence that more complex and larger transactions are associated with higher distance between clients and financial services providers. this in turn means that more complex services are traded across larger market areas. while clients in central and eastern europe can generally find suitable providers for less complex capital market services locally, they often rely on financial services providers globally for the most complex transactions. 10. title: does urban concentration matter for changes in country economic performance? authors: roberto ganau, andr�s rodr�guez-pose abstract: this paper uses a novel, globally harmonised city-level data set � with cities defined at the functional urban area (fua) level � to revisit the link between urban concentration and country-level economic dynamics. the empirical analysis, involving 108 low- and high-income countries, examines how differences in urban concentration impinge on changes in employment, gross domestic product (gdp) per capita and labour productivity at country level over the period 2000�2016. the results indicate that urban concentration reduces employment growth but increases gdp per capita and labour productivity growth. the returns of urban concentration are higher for high- than for low-income countries and are mainly driven by the �core� of fuas, rather than by suburban areas. 11. title: �remaining the same or becoming another?� adaptive resilience versus transformative urban change authors: stephan leixnering, markus h�llerer abstract: structural change of cities has long been a central theme in urban studies. recent manifestations of urban change have been described either as instances of �adaptation�, often associated with flexible adjustment and reorganisation, or of �transformation�, implying a deeper and more radical scope of change. the conceptual difference between these two ideas, however, remains surprisingly under-theorised and ambiguous in the extant literature. we find both notions casually (and at times even interchangeably) employed in recent debates on �resilient cities�. addressing this conceptual imprecision, our commentary focuses on the structure�identity relationship, coupling resilience thinking with an institutional perspective that has provided the intellectual moorings for recent scholarly approaches to city identity. through this prism, city identity is firmly conceptualised as a distinctive set of socio-political values; the structure of a city, then, provides the means to realise these values. in consequence, we are able to offer a precise conceptual differentiation between what we here dub �adaptive resilience� and �transformative urban change� as the two facets of change in city contexts: if structural change is accompanied by a shift in socio-political values (and thus a change in identity), we refer to this as transformative; if no such identity shift takes place, this is an instance of adaptive urban change, primarily on the level of structures. we illustrate our argument with the empirical case of the city of   "%()* ,.7}��ʹ�ʹʖ�x�d\oa3h��h��5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h��5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h��h��5�cjojqj^jaj h��5�cjojqj^jajo( h��5�cjojqj^jajo(#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h��h��5�cjojqj^jaj ,-~�� � z��� ��q���0p����������������������gda�gd�psgd)w�gd�cfgd$?�gdto�gd��gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4}~������� � � � � � � )* 34mnyzc���̿層��~�pi�~yp~na�yphoe5�ojqj^jo(hoe5�ojqj^jhvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo( 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