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volume 50, issue 10, december 2021
1. title: resolving information asymmetries in financing new product development: the case of reward-based crowdfunding
authors: ahmed sewaid, miguel garcia-cestona, florina silaghi.
abstract: reward-based crowdfunding has evolved as a significant alternative source of financing for new product development over the past years. unlike traditional investors, reward-based crowdfunding investors financing the production process are essentially consumers pre-ordering the product. since financing takes place prior to production, this context is prone to information asymmetries. consumers financing new product development have incomplete information regarding the quality of the product they have pre-ordered and the reward they will receive for their early support. we draw on information economics to examine how signals, such as price commitment, discount, and reward classes, play a role in conveying information about product quality and the financial reward backers receive for pre-ordering the product. our empirical analysis covers detailed hand-collected information on a random sample of 1835 kickstarter campaigns. we find that signaling information regarding the future retail price enhances campaign performance. moreover, when the different signals originate from the same source and overlap in the information they convey, the more informative signals partially offset the effect of the less informative signals.
2. title: asymmetries between partners and the success of university-industry research collaborations
authors: vivianna fang he, georg von krogh, charlotta sir�n, thomas gersdorf.
abstract: despite the common belief that orientation asymmetry�fundamental differences in the goals and expectations between partners�constitutes a major barrier to successful collaboration, empirical evidence on how orientation asymmetry impacts university-industry collaboration is rare. we seek to understand the nature and impact of orientation asymmetry by conducting a mixed-method study of the research collaborations between a big pharma and its academic partners. our interviews reveal critical asymmetries between partners, concerning not only different orientations, but also different perceptions of conflict. building on these qualitative findings, we conduct a multi-wave, multi-source survey study to unpack the relationships between orientation asymmetry, conflict within collaboration teams, conflict perception asymmetry, and different types of collaboration success. we contribute to the literature on university-industry collaborations by providing a much-needed comparison of the perspectives from both sides of the collaboration and developing a nuanced understanding of the dynamics within collaboration project teams. we discuss the implications of our findings for researchers, managers, and policymakers.
3. title: the role of digital artefacts in early stages of distributed innovation processes
authors: markus c. becker, francesco rullani, francesco zirpoli.
abstract: this paper offers insights on how digital artefacts foster coordination of individuals in distributed innovation projects by limiting the divergence of team members� representations of the project. this role is particularly important when coordination mechanisms such as leadership and modularity show some limits. using distributed innovation in open-source software as a setting, we develop and test the hypotheses that (1) the release of initial code in open-source software projects limits the divergence of team members� representations and (2) limiting divergence of team members� representations triggered by initial code release implies a higher probability of project survival, a non-trivial goal in such a setting. to test our hypotheses, we draw on a dataset of 5,703 open-source software projects registered on sourceforge.net. both our hypotheses are supported, pointing towards fruitful directions for expanding research on the way distributed innovation processes are carried out when digital artefacts are involved.
4. title: brokerage evolution in innovation contexts: formal structure, network neighborhoods and knowledge
authors: giuseppe soda, akbar zaheer, xiaoming sun, wentian cui.
abstract: research in a number of fields has shown that brokerage is typically fragile while creating consequential outcomes. however, little work has examined the conditions under which brokerage ends, and furthermore, whether and when it terminates with closure in a closed triad that includes the broker, or in a dyad that connects the previously-disconnected alters but disintermediates the broker. we employ a comprehensive theoretical framework drawing on constrained agency to study these questions in a context of organizational innovation. specifically, we investigate the role of hierarchy, inventors� network neighborhoods and knowledge differences in shaping the evolution of brokerage. we test our ideas in the a setting of co-patenting in 41 large chinese research-intensive organizations over the period 1996-2008, with a dataset of 36,338 patents applied for by these organizations. we first show that the type of brokerage ending matters for innovation outcomes by demonstrating that disintermediation creates more subsequent innovativeness than closure. thereafter, we use a two-step model to first model the termination of brokerage and in the second step to predict the type of closing: disintermediation or closure. our results show that the broker's and alters� hierarchical rank similarity promotes disintermediation, as does alters� connectedness in network neighborhoods, while knowledge differences among the broker and alters encourage the evolution of brokerage toward closure. we spell out the implications of our findings for organizational innovation and the management of r&d.
5. title: technology stocks: a study on the characteristics that help transfer public research to industry
authors: xiangpeng lian, ying guo, jun su.
abstract: technology transfer from public research institutes and universities to industry is an effective way to promote social and economic development. however, although many studies have explored the various factors that affect technology transfers, few focus on the characteristics of an organization's technology stocks. in this study, we test which of technological diversity, uniqueness, combinative power, and proximity make a public research entity's knowledge stocks appealing. the study is set in the developing economy of china, using the research-subsidized project 985 universities and the chinese academy of sciences as the origins of public research. from an ergm analysis, we find diversity and proximity have a significant positive effect; uniqueness has a significant negative effect; and combinative power has little to no effect at all. these insights have substantial theoretical implications for scholars in the technology transfer field and practical implications for public institutions engaged in research who are looking to improve their transfer rates.
6. title: pens and purse strings: exploring the opportunities and limits to funding actionable sustainability science
authors: james c. arnott.
abstract: producing actionable science to improve social and environmental well-being enables the scientific enterprise to uphold expectations that accompany public funding for science. while innovations in the management of science funding may help overcome institutional hurdles to generating actionable science, the role of program managers in implementing such changes is relatively underexamined. using sustainability science and related fields as a case, this study examines program documents (n = 33) and interviews of program management staff (n = 61) from public science funding programs in the united states and europe. the results illuminate program management perspectives on the changing relationship between science and society and their own role in shaping it. in many instances, program managers in both regions are actively experimenting with practices that may strengthen links between knowledge and action. in certain contexts, program manager discretion may also amount to a form of science policy formation. however, program managers may still be limited in their ability to enact changes due to capacity constraints and still prevalent norms expressed by the research community. these results provide a window, and basis for future research, into the contemporary practice of science funding program management and its implications for sustainability and the social contract for science.
7. title: examination incentives, learning, and patent office outcomes: the use of examiner�s amendments at the uspto
authors: charles a.w. degrazia, nicholas a. pairolero, mike h.m. teodorescu.
abstract: we investigate how u.s. patent and trademark office (uspto) patent examiner experience and seniority-based incentives affect the innovation ecosystem. first, we show that examiners respond to production incentives and demonstrate learning by increasing the use of examiner�s amendments in both experience and seniority, a mechanism not previously studied. second, this examination procedure directly benefits innovators and firms by significantly reducing prosecution processing time without impacting patent quality. finally, after considering examiner�s amendments, the negative relationship between examiner characteristics and patent examination quality found in the previous literature does not persist at first action, a decision point that allows for the clear measurement of examiner behavior. our results demonstrate a need for reformulated policy recommendations related to the structure of examination at the uspto.
8. title: spin doctors vs the spawn of capitalism: who founds university and corporate startups?
authors: alex coad, ulrich kaiser, johan kuhn.
abstract: we compare individuals presently employed either at a university, or at a firm from an r&d-intensive sector, and analyze which of their personal-specific and employer-specific characteristics are related to their choice to leave their present employer for an own startup. our data set combines the population of danish employees with their present employers. we focus on persons who at least hold a bachelor's degree in engineering, sciences and health and track them over 2001-2012. we show that (i) there are overall few differences between the characteristics of university and corporate startup entrepreneurs, (ii) common factors associated with startup activity of both university and corporate employees are education, top management team membership, previous job mobility and being male, (iii) it is primarily human capital-related characteristics that are related to startup choice of university employees while (iv) the characteristics of the present workplace are the foremost factors of entrepreneurial activity by corporate employees.
9. title: global human burden and official development assistance in health r&d: the role of medical absorptive capacity
authors: christopher williams.
abstract: we investigate country-level determinants of official development assistance (oda) in health r&d with a focus on levels and types of human suffering as well as levels and types of medical absorptive capacity. using latest data from a range of sources and various tests on large numbers of countries in receipt of health r&d oda, we find support for the central assertions that human burden has a direct positive impact on receipt of health r&d oda and that medical absorptive capacity in the recipient country moderates this relationship. the relationship between human burden and health r&d oda receipt does not hold for countries low in medical absorptive capacity. additional analysis reveals: (1) medical absorptive capacity that involves regular patient contact has the strongest moderating effect on the burden � funding relationship, (2) receipt of health r&d oda under low levels of medical absorptive capacity explained not by human burden but by small country bias, and (3) the importance of nurses to health r&d oda in countries with high levels of human suffering and health r&d oda but voids of doctors and clinical trials.
10. title: sector heterogeneity and dynamic effects of innovation subsidies: evidence from horizon 2020
authors: klaas mulier, ilia samarin.
abstract: we evaluate the effect of a pan-european innovation funding program on firm growth and innovative output. using a difference-in-differences estimation on a sample of matched firms, we find that subsidized firms are able to invest more in tangible and intangible assets, achieve higher growth of turnover and employment, and file more patent applications. we then analyze the dynamic treatment effect and find that the effects of subsidization tend to get stronger over time. moreover, our findings indicate that the effect of subsidization is highly heterogeneous across sectors with different r&d or knowledge intensity and level of competition. finally, we explore some economic channels to explain how subsidies generate strong effects on firm performance. we show that subsidized firms are able to generate more internal financing and attract more long-term borrowing after receiving the subsidy, yet we find no evidence that subsidized firms are able to attract more external equity financing than similar unsubsidized firms.
11. title: how do policy instruments generate new ones? analysing policy instruments feedback and interaction in educational research in england, 1986-2014
authors: marcelo marques.
abstract: the study of research funding arrangements and the production of scientific knowledge has been marked by a lack of understanding about how research funding instruments interact and how these instruments shape policy-making and research fields. to fill this research gap, this study is theoretically supported by policy feedback and policy instruments� interaction studies. it investigates the effects of the uk's research assessment exercise in the creation of the most emblematic national thematic research program for the field of educational research in the country � the teaching and learning research programme (tlrp). based on qualitative analysis of policy documents and semi-structured interviews with policy-makers and boundary-spanners, this paper shows how the research assessment exercise contributed to the creation of the tlrp and how the interaction between the two policy instruments shaped the field of educational research in england. in particular, the results show a) how the institutionalisation of the research assessment led to frame a �quality problem� in educational research that legitimated several policy initiatives, including the creation of the national thematic research programme (interpretative effects) and a shift in resources allocation (resource/incentive effects); and b) how the interaction between the two policy instruments contributed to methodological and epistemic drifts in the field of educational research.
12. title: the impact of false investigators on grant funding
authors: eric a. fong, allen w. wilhite.
abstract: false investigators are researchers who have been listed on grant proposals as part of a research team even though there is no expectation that they will contribute to the research effort. their use seems to be widespread even though their inclusion raises legal and ethical questions. using data collected from the top 200 universities listed on u.s. news and world report (2015), this manuscript investigates whether the use of false investigators impacts the distribution of research money and if so, by how much? our analysis suggests they do, grants with false investigators receive more money, and while the size of this return varies with grant size, we find an average increase of about 70%. we also investigate how this influence is manifested; whether the increased funding is because false investigators apply for more grants, or if the presence of a false investigator increases the amount of funding received per proposal. we close with a discussion of policy issues and questions about research funding that remain unanswered.
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