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��ࡱ�>�� fh����e��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �r�4bjbj����2d����� ������������������8;,gt^4{{{{{����]�]�]�]�]�]�]�_�*bh�]�������]��{{4^uuu�6�{�{�]u��]uuu{����iw�og��^u�]$^0t^urbc�rbuuvbrb��[8��u������]�]�x���t^������������������������������������������������������������������������rb���������� �: research policy volume 39, issue 9, nov. 2010 1. title: rethinking the role of the state in technology development: darpa and the case for embedded network governance authors: erica r.h. fuchs abstract: this paper explores the role of the state in re-architecting social networks and thereby new technology directions in the united states. it draws on a case study of darpa's microsystems technology office from 1992 to 2008. leveraging one of the most radical directorships in darpa's history, i argue that the perceived �death� of darpa under tony tether was because past analyses, by focusing on the organization's culture and structure, overlooked a set of lasting, informal institutions among darpa program managers. i find that despite significant changes in the recipients and outcomes of darpa attentions, these same institutions for directing technology were in place both before and during tether's directorship. drawing on these results, i suggest that we must add to technology policy-making a new option�embedded network governance. 2. title: r&d investment and financing choices: a comprehensive perspective authors: taiyuan wang, stewart thornhill abstract: we posit that the effects of r&d investment on financing choices depend on the degree of intervention barriers and appropriation discrepancy between capital providers and the firm. based on these two contingencies, we categorize financing instruments into four types: common equity (common stock), convertible securities (preferred stock and convertible debt), transactional debt (corporate bonds), and relational debt (bank and commercial loans). from the experiences of 39 petroleum firms during the period 1976�2005, we found r&d investment has a positive effect on the use of common equity, a u-shaped effect on the use of convertible securities, and an inverted u-shaped effect on the use of relational debt to raise capital. these effects are sustained over several years. 3. title: performance of spanish universities in technology transfer: an empirical analysis authors: aida caldera, olivier debande abstract: this paper investigates the performance of universities in the transfer of technology using a unique university-level dataset for spain. the results suggest that universities with established policies and procedures for the management of technology transfer perform better. universities with large and experienced technology transfer offices (ttos) generate higher volumes of contract research, but the tto characteristics appear to matter less for university performance in terms of licensing and creation of spin-offs. furthermore, universities with a science park perform better than those without, which suggests that the agglomeration of knowledge close to universities has a positive effect on universities� technology transfer performance. 4. title: relational mechanisms governing multifaceted collaborative behavior of academic scientists in six fields of science and engineering authors: yamini jha, eric w. welch abstract: norms of academic science and engineering are moving in the direction of broader applicability and transferability of knowledge beyond the borders of the university. in response, scientists are expected to engage in collaboration that includes both basic and applied collaborative activities. more specifically, the norms of science are beginning to change to allow for novel forms of collaboration that involve sharing of research ideas on multiple facets of collaborative work. this paper examines the extent to which multifaceted collaboration is attributable to relational aspects of individuals� networks. specifically, we ask the question: what relational aspects of social capital determine multifaceted collaboration among scientists in six fields of science and engineering? borrowing literature from social capital and science and technology (s&t) human capital, this paper develops a multi-level model of multifaceted collaboration and presents a set of testable hypotheses. then using data from a national survey of men and women faculty in six fields, we analyze the multi-level data: relationship or dyad level (level 1) and ego level (level 2) with hierarchical linear modeling (hlm) to predict multifaceted collaboration of academic scientists. findings show that some relational characteristics explain multifaceted collaborative behavior as predicted, while others behave in unexpected ways. conclusions place the findings in context for theory and policy. 5. title: technological joint venture formation under the real options approach authors: isabel estrada, gabriel de la fuente, natalia mart�n-cruz abstract: technological joint ventures, as powerful mechanisms to attain innovation, have become commonplace. firms form tjvs in an effort to access future technological opportunities without losing flexibility in uncertain contexts. the real options approach allows the essence of such managerial thinking to be captured, although research in this line remains scarce. drawing on the real options approach and using an eight-year panel of 4050 spanish manufacturing firms, we examine under which conditions firms form technological joint ventures. we find that a firm's propensity to form technological joint ventures is positively related to its absorptive capacity and to the degree of environmental technological uncertainty, and negatively related to the risk of pre-emption by rivals and the existence of opportunity costs. our study contributes to bridging the gap between finance theory and strategic analysis. in addition, it shows practitioners the applicability of the real options approach for decision-making. results suggest that public policies should particularly, although not exclusively, foster participation of young and small firms in technological joint ventures. we also suggest using managerial perceptions as a guide for channeling public grants. 6. title: under the radar: industry entry by user entrepreneurs authors: stefan haefliger, peter j�ger, georg von krogh abstract: we inductively develop a model of the commercialization process for new products or services user entrepreneurs undertake when entering an industry while drawing on proprietary technology developed in another industry. extending the growing field of user entrepreneurship, we identify a two-phase approach to industry entry by user entrepreneurs who start �under the radar� of incumbent firms, gain experience, attract a first potential customer base, and then, in a second phase, engage in commercialization. during this process, a community of fellow users is of major importance for the entrepreneur, serving as a knowledge pool for skills development and experimentation with different commercialization paths. we study a nascent group of firms founded by users of video games who became entrepreneurs on entering the animation industry by producing machinima, a new film genre characterized by shooting film in video games. we explain how user entrepreneurs gain access to complementary assets (video games) for their new use (shooting film), how they deal with intellectual property issues when using other firms� assets, and how user entrepreneurs combine domain knowledge about film production with their experience in video games and the art of machinima. our propositions hold implications for management and policy. 7. title: founder's human capital, external investment, and the survival of new high-technology ventures authors: eli gimmon, jonathan levie abstract: the effect of founder characteristics in attracting external investment and enhancing survival of new high-technology ventures is explored using human capital theory and signalling theory. we test the effect of founder characteristics on external investment in and survival of new high-technology ventures by tracking a random sample of 193 high-technology start-ups, all participants in the israeli technology incubator program. founder's business management expertise and academic status attracted external investment, but founder's general technological expertise did not. founder's business management expertise and general technological expertise positively affected venture survival, but founder's academic status did not. possible implications for entrepreneurs, investors, policy and further research are discussed. 8. title: heterogeneous mnc subsidiaries and technological spillovers: explaining positive and negative effects in india authors: anabel marin, subash sasidharan abstract: one of the most intriguing aspects of the recent empirical literature on fdi-related spillover effects is the increasing identification of mixed results. a few studies, particularly in advanced countries have found positive effects; however, a more common scenario in recent studies is the prevalence of insignificant or even negative effects. this is despite the fact that theory predicts substantial positive effects in association with a supposed technological superiority of mncs relative to domestic firms, particularly in the context of less advanced countries. in this paper, by distinguishing subsidiaries according to their orientation to carry out creative vs. exploitation activities in the host economy, we are able to distinguish situations with positive and negative spillover effects, and we explain why they may be emerging. more specifically, we find that only subsidiaries that are oriented to technologically creative activities have a significantly positive effect in india. in contrast, subsidiaries oriented mostly to technologically exploitative activities generate negative effects in some circumstances. the implications for theory and policy are discussed. 9. title: market information approaches, product innovativeness, and firm performance: an empirical study in the fashion industry authors: paola cillo, luigi m. de luca, gabriele troilo abstract: in this study the authors propose a distinction between two approaches to market information, rooted in the marked-based learning theory. the two approaches are conceptualized and operationalized on the basis of their differences along three processes: generation, dissemination and use of market information. in the retrospective approach, the generation process is based on expressed customer needs and extant market relations; the dissemination is based on formal mechanisms; the use process is more instrumental. in the forward-looking approach, the generation process is based on latent customer needs and on the evolutionary patterns of the future market relations; the dissemination process is more informal; the use of information is more conceptual. a series of hypotheses concerning the relationships between these approaches, product innovativeness and firm performance are tested on a sample of italian fashion firms. results suggest that the two approaches are complementary for firm performance, but have opposite effects on product innovativeness: while a forward-looking approach is positively related to product innovativeness, a retrospective approach seems to be negatively related. the results also shed light on how market information approaches and product innovativeness jointly affect firm performance.     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