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��ࡱ�>�� u �r�\bjbj�n�n2��a��aƹ ��""��8��4��rl ===�q�q�q�q�q�q�q$�s��v< r9�===== r�� 4fr��="� � �q�=�q�� m��_��q\r0�r��vo^�v��/�v��n==�===== r r�.===�r====��v========="qs: research policy volume 51, issue 1, january 2022 1. title: china's catching-up in artificial intelligence seen as a co-evolution of corporate and national innovation systems authors: bengt-�ke lundvall, cecilia rikap. abstract: inspired by christopher freeman's work on how radical technical change opens up for shifts in world leadership and on the role of innovation systems in this process, this paper explores china's emergence as a lead country in artificial intelligence as reflecting a co-evolution of corporate and national innovation systems. taking freeman's (1987) work on japan as our lead, we focus on the domestic interaction within and on the openness of china's national innovation system. to follow up on his prediction of the increasing importance of big companies as network leaders, we introduce the concept �corporate innovation system� with special attention to two chinese tech giants: alibaba and tencent. 2. title: techno-economic transformation in eastern europe and the former soviet union � a neo-schumpeterian perspective authors: slavo radosevic abstract: this essay is an interpretative survey that explores the post-socialist transformation in eastern europe and the former soviet union (ee&fsu) from a neo-schumpeterian perspective. it argues that we cannot understand the challenges of technological upgrading of the post-socialist region if we only adopt the lens of what can be termed transition economics. instead, the post-socialist transformation is an open-ended process whose outcomes can be better understood as a disequilibriating evolutionary process involving the misalignment of different levels and parts of innovation systems. we develop a multi-level analytical framework and outline several major transformation processes involving dynamic interactive capabilities as the core precondition for technology catching up. technology accumulation and innovation systems are hybrid systems whose dynamism rests on various governing principles. the swing from one pure mode of coordination (plan) to other (market) explains limited technological upgrading in both periods. dynamic innovation systems are quintessentially hybrid systems. crucial to this is an understanding of the role which the state plays, both as a contributor and as an obstacle to the transformation towards sustainable economic growth. 3. title: on the syndemic nature of crises: a freeman perspective authors: giovanni dosi, luc soete. abstract: in this paper we draw a parallel between the insights developed within the framework of the current covid-19 health crisis and the views and insights developed with respect to the long term environmental crisis, the implications for science, technology and innovation (sti) policy, christopher freeman analyzed already in the early 902 s. with at the time of writing, the covid-19 pandemic entering in many countries a third wave with a very differentiated implementation path of vaccination across rich and poor countries, drawing such a parallel remains of course a relatively speculative exercise. nevertheless, based on the available evidence of the first wave of the pandemic, we feel confident that some lessons from the current health crisis and its parallels with the long-term environmental crisis can be drawn. the covid-19 pandemic has also been described as a �syndemic�: a term popular in medical anthropology which marries the concept of �synergy� with �epidemic� and provides conceptually an interesting background for these posthumous freeman reflections on crises. the covid-19 crisis affects citizens in very different and disproportionate ways. it results not only in rising structural inequalities among social groups and classes, but also among generations. in the paper, we focus on the growing inequality within two particular groups: youngsters and the impact of covid-19 on learning and the organization of education; and as mirror picture, the elderly many of whom witnessed despite strict confinement in long-term care facilities, high mortality following the covid-19 outbreak. from a freeman perspective, these inequality consequences of the current covid-19 health crisis call for new social sti policies: for a new �corona version� of inclusion versus exclusion. 4. title: the unintended consequences of the pandemic on non-pandemic research activities authors: james walker, chris brewster, rita fontinha, washika haak-saheem, dalila ribaudo. abstract: research about the covid-19 pandemic has taken center stage in shaping the work of many scholars, inter alia highlighting the importance of research in addressing the grand challenges humanity faces. however, the pandemic has also ushered in increased administrative, teaching and out of work commitments for many researchers, leading to concerns that academics will become less willing to invest time in obtaining resources to undertake non-covid-related projects. using a large-scale survey of business, economics and management researchers, coupled with their publication histories and additional institutional data, we examine how far individuals experienced the focus on the pandemic as �crowding out� interest in, and undermining their confidence in applying for grants for work not focused on the pandemic. we found 40% of the sample agree that the pandemic has impaired their confidence in applying for non-pandemic-related grants and �crowded out� other projects. researchers with current and prior grants, particularly those with the most experience of holding grants, scholars whose work �impacted� beyond academia, and early career researchers, disproportionately considered themselves to be most affected. we also found that researchers� perceptions differed based on institutional characteristics. we discuss the implications of these findings for grant providers and national research agencies as well as for individual academic researchers and the institutions in which they work. 5. title: exclusive licensing of university technology: the effects of university prestige, technology transfer offices, and academy-industry collaboration authors: huijun shen, wim coreynen, can huang. abstract: exclusivity is a key concern when designing a licensing contract, yet the organizational factors that influence the exclusive provision of university licenses remain underexplored. this study provides a deeper understanding of this question by developing a balanced framework that considers both licensors (universities) and licensees (companies) in licensing deals. furthermore, we posit that university prestige affects both a university's ability to conduct non-exclusive licensing and a firm's incentive to obtain an exclusive license, thereby shaping their joint willingness to license (non-)exclusively. we also examine how technology transfer office (tto) experience and prior collaboration between a university and a firm moderate this relationship. to test the hypotheses, we use a dataset consisting of 6653 licensed patents owned by 117 representative chinese universities. we find that an inverted u-shaped relationship exists between university prestige and the likelihood that two parties choose exclusive licensing. moreover, the moderating effect of tto experience is partially supported while that of prior collaboration is fully supported. our findings generate important implications for the relative social impacts of exclusive and non-exclusive licensing of technology inventions as well as the management of university licensing. 6. title: innovation by start-up firms: the role of the board of directors for knowledge spillovers authors: christopher f. baum, hans l��f, andreas stephan, ingrid viklund-ros. abstract: this paper investigates whether board directors interlocked with or employed by innovative firms affect start-up firms� propensity to be innovators themselves. drawing upon a sample of more than 50,000 swedish start-up firms, we find that board connections to incumbent innovators have a causal impact on the new firms� probability to apply for patents. the results are robust when controlling for industry, geography, firm age, as well as spillovers through worker and managerial mobility, external knowledge sourcing through patent disclosure, access to venture capital and board attributes. 7. title: assessing transitions through socio-technical configuration analysis � a methodological framework and a case study in the water sector authors: jonas heiberg, bernhard truffer, christian binz. abstract: classic accounts of transitions research have predominantly built on reconstructions of historical transition processes and in-depth case studies to identify and conceptualize socio-technical change. while such approaches have substantively improved our understanding of transitions, they often suffer from methodological nationalism and a lack of generalizability beyond spatial and sectoral boundaries. to address this gap, we propose a novel methodology � socio-technical configuration analysis (stca) � to map and measure socio-technical alignment processes across time and space. stca provides a configurational and dynamic perspective on how social and technical elements get aligned into �configurations that work�, allowing for the identification of differentiated transition trajectories at and across spatial and sectoral contexts. the methodology's value is illustrated with the empirical case of an ongoing shift from centralized to more modular infrastructure configurations in the global water sector. building on this illustration, we outline potential contributions of stca to configurational theorizing in transition studies, sketching the contours of what we believe could become a generative epistemological approach for this field. 8. title: breakthrough innovations and where to find them authors: giovanna capponi, arianna martinelli, alessandro nuvolari. abstract: breakthrough innovations significantly depart from common practices and can potentially reshape existing markets, create new markets, and prompt the emergence of new technological trajectories. the crucial role that breakthrough innovations play in technological progress has stimulated a lively line of research investigating methods to identify them in actual empirical contexts. despite this ongoing effort, the availability of data on breakthrough innovations is still scarce and seems to have prevented, at least so far, an integrated perspective comprising both their technical and economic significance. we address this limitation by developing a method that uses award-winning innovations which have been successfully commercialized to find breakthrough patents on a large scale. for the period 1976�2013, in a sample of 138,467 uspto patents, we identify 17,176 breakthrough innovations. relevant robustness checks support the validity of our classification. we then exploit this sample to assess the sources of breakthrough innovations. 9. title: transforming the s-shape: identifying and explaining turning points in market diffusion curves of low-carbon technologies in austria authors: veronika kulmer, sebastian seebauer, helene hinterreither, dominik kortschak, willi haas. abstract: the need for rapid decarbonization of the energy system calls for an improved understanding how policy action may accelerate the market diffusion of low-carbon technologies. turning points, in other words, i.e. points in time when market growth curves change direction, occur when politics, policy, and technology streams converge. investigating photovoltaics, residential heat pump, and electric vehicle diffusion in austria from 1970/1990 to 2018, we constellate when and why turning points occurred. analyzing market statistics with the mathematical method of change point analysis allows identifying turning points and growth functions in diffusion curves. we used the multiple streams approach to structure archival documents and findings from expert interviews to reconstruct critical events in past socio-political and socio-technological developments which triggered turning points. we find that observed diffusion processes change direction and pace at specific moments in time, rather than following a uniform s-shape. mandatory regulations are key levers, but need to be supplemented by events in the respective streams: in the politics stream, overarching political strategies and model policies in other countries set the stage for low-carbon technologies. in the technology stream, r&d programs, product development, and quality labels support technological advancement. in the policy stream, however, ad-hoc subsidy programs tend to produce patchwork policies or only temporarily boost market diffusion. continuously monitoring market processes may allow anticipation of upcoming turning points when the implementation of integrated policies can push combinations of complementary technologies. 10. title: framing improvements of public innovation in a living lab context: processual learning, restrained space and democratic engagement authors: lars fuglsang, anne vorre hansen. abstract: public innovation has received increasing attention in recent years. experiments with new governance structures, such as new public management and new public governance, have challenged the traditional top-down, internally driven forms of innovation in the public sector and have entailed a search for new forms of open, collaborative and interactive innovation, implying a reframing of public innovation activities. however, introducing these new frames of innovation causes uncertainties in the public sector, necessitating better understanding of how public innovation can be changed to address societal needs. this paper uses materials from case studies of 21 public living labs across europe to analyse the lessons that can be learned from public sector participation in living labs in terms of their contribution to reframing public innovation. the �frame� construct is used to analyse and provide an understanding of how participation in living labs helps public actors to reframe innovation and address public and societal needs. three living lab framings for changing public innovation are identified (processual learning, restrained space and democratic engagement), and the degree of intensity of these framings with respect to involving stakeholders and addressing societal challenges is discussed. the paper contributes to knowledge of public sector innovation by extending previous accounts of how public innovation can be improved. 11. title: technological diversity of patent applications and decision pendency authors: kejia zhu, shavin malhotra, yaohan li. abstract: this study focuses on the duration of the patent examination process to develop a theoretical framework that explains how the effect of an important characteristic, technological diversity of patent applications, influences the duration of patent examination. drawing on an information-processing perspective, we propose a u-shaped relationship between the level of technology diversity of a patent application and the pendency time for patent office decisions, including both grants and refusals. we run cox proportional hazard models on a sample of all pharmaceutical patent applications filed between 1985 and 2017 at china's state intellectual property office. our results support the hypothesized u-shaped relationship between technology diversity and decision pendency. we also theorize and find partial support for the moderating effects of patent agency and inventor team size. the implications of these findings are discussed. 12. title: innovative events: product launches, innovation and firm performance authors: max nathan, anna rosso. abstract: in this paper, we shed new light on the links between firm-level innovation and growth. we introduce data that capture a difficult-to-observe aspect of firms' innovative activity � new product/service launches � at scale. we show that our novel measures complement existing innovation metrics. we build a simple framework covering firm-level innovation, launches and revenue productivity. then, we show positive linkages between past patenting and launches and between launches and performance for a large panel of small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) in the uk. we go on to explore the roles of age, size, industry and product/service quality in these relationships. a subset of smes with high-quality launches explains our results. 13. title: what makes the right oss contributor tick? treatments to motivate high-skilled developers authors: inna smirnova, markus reitzig, oliver alexy. abstract: we study how oss project owners can manage their repositories so as to motivate particularly high-skilled coders to exert continuous effort after joining a project. drawing on literature from personnel economics, we lay out how coders� skill level affects their selection for a focal project in the first place. in turn, we theorize how project-specific norms and quality aspirations that developers learn about after joining an oss project represent treatments that varyingly entice developers to contribute more code conditional on their skill level. based on a custom-tailored dataset merging github and stack overflow data for almost 50,000 contributor-project-month observations, we find that repository owners are able to motivate their most talented volunteer contributors when they (1) show no visible commercial orientation while managing their projects, (2) show generosity in accepting external contributions, and (3) provide fast feedback. we discuss implications for research and practice in the fields of community-based organizations like oss as well as personnel economics. 14. title: paradoxical transparency? capital market responses to exploration and exploitation disclosure authors: lane matthews, mariano l.m. heyden, dan zhou. abstract: we draw on information risk theory and paradox theory to examine the additive and combined effects of disclosing exploration and exploitation information on cost of equity capital. we build on theory that presupposes that the information disclosed by a firm about its innovation activities will reduce information risk of investors. however, we contend that disclosure of exploration and exploitation innovation activities could convey potentially paradoxical expectations about a firm's future value. based on longitudinal data of the uk ftse 350 firms from 2011�2016, we show that firms tend to disclose more information related to exploration than exploitation. however, the bulk of market benefits are driven by exploitation rather than exploration disclosures�except for r&d-active firms that are rewarded for exploration disclosure. we also find that the combined disclosure is negatively associated with cost of equity capital, with the sub-population of r&d-active firms particularly accruing synergies from combined disclosure of both exploration and exploitation. these findings suggest that the market differentiates between exploration and exploitation information in addressing information risk, more so than previously assumed. we discuss implications for information-type-dependency in information-risk theory, the outward projection of internal paradoxes, capital market valuations of disclosure by r&d-active firms, opportunity-seeking by large publicly listed corporations, and policy implications. 15. title: in knowledge we trust: learning-by-interacting and the productivity of inventors authors: matteo tubiana, ernest miguelez, rosina moreno. abstract: innovation rarely happens through the actions of a single person. innovators source ideas while interacting with peers at different levels and intensities. with a dataset of disambiguated inventors from 1980 to 2010 in european metropolitan areas, we assess the influence of their interactions with co-workers, organizations� colleagues, and geographically co-located peers on their productivity. by adding many fixed effects to control for unobserved heterogeneity, we uncover the importance of metropolitan areas knowledge for inventors� productivity, with firms and co-workers� network knowledge being less relevant. when the complexity and quality of knowledge are accounted for, the picture changes: proximate, social interactions become central. 16. title: regional governments and opportunity entrepreneurship in underdeveloped institutional environments: an entrepreneurial ecosystem perspective authors: yifan wei. abstract: the role of regional governments in fostering opportunity entrepreneurship has received increasing attention from both academics and practitioners. drawing on research on entrepreneurial ecosystem (ee), this study provides a more analytical and holistic account of the supportive role of regional governments in underdeveloped institutional environments and their interactions with other key elements in regional ees. i propose that in underdeveloped institutional environments, a regional government which is able to perform its core function of delivering public and social services is positively associated with the growth of opportunity entrepreneurship. this effect becomes stronger in regions with more market-based economies, higher education institutions (heis), an entrepreneurial culture, and social entrepreneurship. empirical results based on entrepreneurship data at the provincial level in china between 1993 and 2013 provide strong support for the hypotheses. this study contributes to the literature on ee by providing more systematic evidence from underdeveloped institutional environments, and has policy implications for promoting opportunity entrepreneurship. 17. title: beyond scientific excellence: international mobility and the entrepreneurial activities of academic scientists authors: wolf-hendrik uhlbach, valentina tartari, hans christian kongsted. abstract: as the international mobility of academic scientists is ever increasing, its effects on outcomes beyond research productivity deserve more attention. in this paper, we therefore investigate to what extent academics with different international mobility experiences differ in their likelihood to commercialize their research through entrepreneurship. to answer this question, we make use of a detailed survey covering all academics employed at danish universities in 2017. empirically, we distinguish three groups of academics according to their international experience (stayers, returnee, and immigrants) and focus on entrepreneurial outcomes realized while residing in the host country, denmark. the estimation of duration models reveals that returnees are more than 50% more likely to become academic entrepreneurs than stayers. immigrants, however, were between 38 and 47% less likely to start a firm than returnees. this difference seems to increase at higher levels of commercially relevant research and international research stays at international top institutions. 18. title: gender-equal funding rates conceal unequal evaluations authors: thijs bol, mathijs de vaan, arnout van de rijt. abstract: previous studies have found little or no systematic differences in the rates at which female and male scientists are awarded funding in international grant competitions. however, past investigations have only studied outcomes, not the preceding scoring and selection process. we propose that common grant review practices�such as panel deliberations, score binning, and interview assessments�allow unequal evaluations to be corrected while staying within a framework of merit-based review. we analyzed unique data from a large funding competition, the netherlands� organization for scientific research's talent program, including reviewer and panel evaluation scores of both funded and unfunded proposals. we replicate prior research demonstrating gender equity in funding outcomes. at the same time, we find that men received higher evaluation scores, consistent with our argument. this gender difference is counteracted by panels funding women with lower scores than men's, redistributing 64 million euro back to women that would otherwise have gone to men. our study thus reveals that female scientists are more poorly evaluated than their male counterparts in spite of what equality in outcome statistics might suggest. 19. title: technological diversification to green domains: technological relatedness, invention impact and knowledge integration capabilities authors: lutao ning, rui guo. abstract: climate changes and ecological challenges often motivate firms to diversify into environmental domains. however, this does not guarantee impactful inventions. therefore, this study investigates how firms can create impactful environmental inventions based on their technological relatedness and prior knowledge integration capabilities. using a unique dataset of 1,990 high-tech chinese firms between 2006 and 2016, our results reveal that diversifying firms� green technological relatedness has an inverted u-shaped relationship with invention impact. while the depth of firms� knowledge integration capabilities steepens this relationship, the breadth flattens it. higher levels of depth capability result in a greater impact, while greater breadth leads to an early attainment of peak invention impact at a lower degree of green technological relatedness. theoretical and policy implications are discussed. 20. title: greenfield foreign direct investments and regional environmental technologies authors: davide castellani, giovanni marin, sandro montresor, antonello zanfei. abstract: this paper builds on (eco-)innovation geography and international business studies to investigate the effects of greenfield foreign direct investments (fdis) on regional specialisation in environmental technologies. combining the oecd-regpat and the fdi markets datasets with respect to 1,050 european nuts3 regions over the 2003�2014 period, we find that fdis can positively impact regions� specialisation in green technologies. this effect is statistically significant when fdis occur in industries where environmental patents represent a relatively high share of total inventive activities (green-tech fdis), and it is further reinforced if such foreign investments involve r&d activities. we also find that green-tech r&d fdis have a larger effect in regions whose prior knowledge base is highly unrelated to environmental technologies. furthermore, green-tech fdis in r&d contribute to maintaining the specialisation of regions in environmental technologies over time, while it is only for high levels of unrelatedness that such fdis help regions acquire a green-tech specialisation ex novo. 21. title: the bright and dark sides of institutional intermediaries: industry associations and small-firm innovation authors: nengzhi(chris) yao, qiaozhe guo, christos tsinopoulos. abstract: institutional intermediaries are often seen by governments as avenues for increasing firm level innovativeness. this is because they can provide both information and legitimacy, which enable access to government support. yet, close engagement with intermediaries may also encourage political intervention, especially in the context of emerging markets. using a unique dataset which consists of the chinese micro- and small- enterprise survey (cmes) and the national economic research institute (neri), we explore the roles of government support and political intervention in the relationship between institutional linkages and firm innovativeness. we find that government support, in the form of tax benefits, and political intervention mediate the relationship between institutional linkages and firm innovativeness. we also find that this relationship is contingent upon the degree of institutional development within which firms operate. our findings therefore contribute to the burgeoning literature that examines the effects of institutional intermediaries on innovation by exploring both their bright and dark sides. we discuss the implications of these findings for institutional intermediary research, institutional theory and innovation literature and offer advice to policymakers and managers looking at improving innovativeness. 22. title: crowding in and crowding out within a contribution good model of research authors: sebastian damrich, terence kealey, martin ricketts. abstract: in standard economic theory, government support of science is expected to confer external benefits and �crowd-in� additional private sector research. however, higher rates of economic growth from this effect are not easily discerned from the long run data, and government and business financed r&d have moved in opposite directions (as a proportion of gdp) since the early 1960s in the us and elsewhere. this paper looks at potential sources of �crowding out� as well as �crowding in,� and compares standard analysis with a �contribution good� model of science. two different policy issues are identified � the assembly of �critical mass� for the �kick starting� of commercial science, and the expansion of commercial science beyond its �private equilibrium�. we analyse the allocation of scarce business as well as scientific skills between sectors. the model produces regions of both crowding in and out. the latter dominates for very high wages in the public sector as the government deprives the private sector of the means to exploit new knowledge. 23. title: china's new research evaluation policy: evidence from economics faculty of elite chinese universities authors: wenyan liang, jun gu, chris nyland. abstract: in 2020, china's government implemented a new research evaluation policy that requires chinese scholars to both publish at least one third of their works in chinese journals and continue engaging with the international research community. this policy may challenge how universities have evaluated the respective worth of faculty who have gained their qualifications in china and abroad. to theorize on and assist practitioners in confronting this possibility, we compare the contributions made to china's journals by academic economists with foreign qualifications (returnees) and by their peers with chinese degrees (domestics) across a fifteen-year period. we find that returnees publish higher quality papers than domestics, that the concentration of returnees in academic departments impacts the research quality of both domestic and returnee faculty, and that the spillover effect is pronounced where intradepartmental collaboration is encouraged. on this basis, we advise that university administrators charged with determining their institution's talent management policy should continue to prioritize the appointment of returnees and actively strive to promote research collaboration within departments. 24. title: measurement errors and estimation biases with incomplete social networks: replication studies on intra-firm inventor network analysis authors: martin c. goossen, srikanth paruchuri. abstract: the number of studies exploring the role of intra-organizational inventor networks in firm knowledge recombination and diffusion processes has surged in recent years. the typical approach of these studies�to construct intra-firm inventor networks based on archival patent grant data�suffers from a major issue: incomplete data. this incomplete data may have implications for network measures and regression estimates based on these measures. to shed light on these implications, this study explores the consequences of missing data for inventor network studies in the field of technology invention. we do so by comparing networks based on granted patent data�the incomplete data�with networks based on patent application data that also include failed patent applications�the more complete data. the findings from replications of two prior studies�one firm-level study and one inventor-level study�indicate that intra-firm network measures are systematically biased for both network-level and inventor-level measures and cause bias in regression estimates. we further find that these systematic measurement errors are also statistically significantly related to the outcomes in the studies, thereby implying omitted variable biases in the effect estimates in prior studies. these findings have implications for research on networks of scientific collaborations specifically, and networks based on incomplete archival data more generally. 25. title: education premium and the compound impact of universities on their regional economy authors: katrin janzen, robert panitz, johannes gl�ckler. abstract: although the positive impact of higher education on regional economies is widely recognized, empirical assessment of the magnitude of its periodic financial impact remains a puzzle. conventional impact studies have focused on the regional effects of periodic university spending, neglecting the core functions of higher education institutions. to overcome these shortcomings, we develop the concept of a differential regional education premium and implement it in an extended regional multiplier model. the new model integrates university expenditures and education into a compound effect on regional gross value added. empirically, we find that the education premium increases the traditional effects of state universities in baden-w�rttemberg by 68 percent. generally, the model can be applied to other regions internationally by adapting to regional factors, such as graduate retention, tuition fees, wage levels and occupational qualifications in regional labor markets. 26. title: dissecting diffusion: tracing the plurality of factors that shape knowledge diffusion authors: paige clayton, lauren lanahan, andrew nelson abstract: knowledge diffusion drives both technical progress and economic growth. in this study, we present a unique comparative case study that examines the diffusion of two comparable, foundational biotechnology inventions � recombinant dna (rdna) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). using a variety of metrics to trace knowledge diffusion, we find robust evidence that the diffusion of pcr significantly outperforms rdna. examining the historical record, we then consider how organizational origin, licensing strategy, complementary assets, industry stage, and early social networks play a role in shaping these processes. ultimately, we show that reliance on a single diffusion metric or factor is insufficient in explaining knowledge diffusion. we argue for the exploration of multiple underlying factors in diffusion studies, and we highlight the utility of employing multiple complementary measures in diffusion research. 27. title: gendered knowledge in fields and academic careers authors: lanu kim, daniel scott smith, bas hofstra, daniel a. mcfarland abstract: women and men often contribute differently to research knowledge. do differences in these contributions partially explain disparities in academic career outcomes? we explore this by looking at how gender is embodied in research language, and then ascertain whether the adoption of more gendered research language affects career outcomes beyond the researcher's attributes. we identify different forms of gendered knowledge�gender referents (explicit references to sex and gender) and gender-associated terms (words that are implicitly associated with women or men researchers)�by applying natural language processing techniques to nearly one million doctoral dissertations published in the united states between 1980 and 2010. we then determine whether employing gender referents and gender-associated terms affects the course of phds� ensuing careers. we find women researchers have lower chances of securing academic positions than men in every field; explicit references to women as research subjects are modestly rewarded in comparison to references to men; and more career opportunities are afforded to research knowledge associated with men. these results suggest that academia is slowly correcting the traditional and explicit bias of studying men at the exclusion of women. still, there remains a stronger implicit bias against knowledge associated with women scholars. we discuss relative differences between humanities and social sciences versus natural sciences, technology, engineering, and math, as well as potential treatments for offsetting bias in those fields. 28. title: interplay of policy experimentation and institutional change in sustainability transitions: the case of mobility as a service in finland authors: paula kivimaa, karoline s. rogge. abstract: while experimentation is at the heart of sustainability transitions, little attention has been paid to policy experimentation and its effects in advancing transitions. drawing on the literatures on policy experimentation and institutional change in the context of sustainability transitions, we analyse an in-depth case study of the development of mobility as a service (maas) in finland � one of the first countries globally to advance maas by government support. our findings show how a potentially disruptive innovation, maas, can be traced back to a longer process of administrative reorientation and restructuring, i.e. gradual transformation in institutions, and has benefitted from cycles of policy experimentation, combined with the sequencing of policy strategies and further changes in the policy mix. administrative restructuring has enabled policy experimentation that has led - via new vision building, networking and learning - to major regulatory change allowing market creation for maas. we conclude that the dynamics of policy mixes in transitions are influenced by short-term policy experimentation and long-term institutional change. more generally, institutional change is vital for enabling a favourable context for policy experimentation in sustainability transitions that in turn provides cognitive and normative learning to inform further institutional change. 29. title: distinguishing between appropriability and appropriation: a systematic review and a renewed conceptual framing authors: pia hurmelinna-laukkanen, jialei yang abstract: this study systematically reviews 200 articles published over the past three decades to reveal how appropriability and appropriation have been explained and how those perspectives resonate with developments in the innovation environment. our results show that despite the extensive stream of literature, little effort has been made to systematically advance theory on appropriability and appropriation. based on and extending prior literature, we propose a conceptual framing that distinguishes appropriability and appropriation, and that explains how innovating organizations build their readiness to benefit from innovation and how they realize that potential. we outline appropriability as the potential to benefit from an innovation, which accrues through instruments of appropriability: isolating appropriability mechanisms and complementary assets; and appropriation as the realization of that potential, which manifests in private and social benefits when the instruments are employed in processes for exclusion, leverage, or disclosure. we highlight the strategic importance of aligning these elements and appropriability conditions in realizing appropriation outcomes. the paper closes with a discussion on the framework's applications and relevant future research avenues. 30. title: storm crowds: evidence from zooniverse on crowd contribution design authors: sandra barbosu, joshua s. gans abstract: what is the impact of platform design on crowdsourcing contributions? the proliferation of platforms with distributed content production, such as wikipedia, zooniverse, and others, has led to scholarly interest in understanding why individuals contribute to them. one stream of research has investigated contributor motivations, while another growing stream, scattered across several disciplines, has explored the effect of platform design on contributions. one important design element is the extent to which incomplete, or partial, contributions are possible - a concept we refer to in this paper as �tolerance to incompleteness.� we explore the relationship between this design element and crowds� willingness to contribute in the context of zooniverse, the world�s largest citizen science platform. our quasi-experimental empirical approach exploits a format change that decreased tolerance to incompleteness in one zooniverse project. the results of a difference-in-differences estimation show that after the format change, editors contributed fewer total edits, but more complete edits than predicted in the absence of a change. users also spent less time contributing to the project post-change. moreover, we find a trade-off between the quantity and quality of complete edits, with the quality of complete edits lower post-change. our findings have implications for the design of a growing number of crowdsourcing platforms that involve simple, independent, and well-structured tasks. 31. title: a language-based approach to measuring creative exploration authors: vladimir a. gatchev, christo a. pirinsky, buvaneshwaran venugopal abstract: we propose a new measure of the exploratory activities of companies based on the idea that experimentation with new courses of action and the need to describe them entails the adoption of new words in firm regulatory disclosures. unlike traditional indicators, such as r&d spending, the proposed exploration indicator is available for all publicly traded firms across all industries. the exploration indicator predicts firm knowledge accumulation, as measured by future patenting and trademarking activities. it further shows that firm exploration declines after periods of high r&d spending and over time. the exploration indicator correlates positively with firm risk and exhibits a distinct positive impact on firm value unexplained by traditional innovation indicators. our language-based approach can be applied to measure creative contributions in other domains, such as government grant applications and academic publications. 32. title: patent toxicity authors: gianluca biggi, elisa giuliani, arianna martinelli, emilio benfenati. abstract: a toxic-free world is one of the goals of the european green deal and a key objective of the world health organization inter-organization programme for the sound management of chemicals. however, although use of some toxic chemicals is being banned, others continue to be developed. we consider this motivation for a closer examination of the toxicity of chemical inventions. we combine patent analysis with computational toxicology and develop a methodological roadmap to measure patent toxicity, that is, the extent to which a patent includes �components� (or compounds) that are toxic to humans and/or the environment. to illustrate our proposed methodology, we analyse the toxicity of ten well-known hazardous chemicals and compare it against that of other groups of chemical patents. we suggest that the measurement of patent toxicity opens up interesting avenues for future research with, potentially, strong policy implications. 33. title: business and management research: low instances of replication studies and a lack of author independence in replications authors: james c. ryan, syed a. a tipu. abstract: increasing awareness of the credibility crisis and related replication crisis in business research drives calls for greater understanding of the state of replication studies. this research addresses these calls by analyzing the 10-year publication history of 121 leading journals (academic journal guide (ajg 2018)). examination of 83,682 articles reveals 4,412 potential replications. detailed analysis of 500 randomly selected articles offers further insights. results indicate most replications are conceptual in nature, support prior findings and represent only 1.47% of published research in leading journals. significantly, most replications occur as part of within-study or intrastudy designs. replications by independent researchers are very rare, raising credibility concerns due to author overlap and associated researcher and measurement biases. recommendations for the improvement of replication efforts are made. 34. title: the impact of the pandemic-enforced lockdown on the scholarly productivity of women academics in south africa authors: cyrill walters, graeme g. mehl, patrizio piraino, jonathan d. jansen, samantha kriger. abstract: the underrepresentation of women in research is well-documented, in everything from participation and leadership to peer review and publication. even so, in the first months of the covid-19 pandemic, early reports indicated a precipitous decline in women's scholarly productivity (both in time devoted to research and in journal publications) compared to pre-pandemic times. none of these studies, mainly from the global north, could provide detailed explanations for the scale of this decline in research outcomes. using a mixed methods research design, we offer the first comprehensive study to shed light on the complex reasons for the decline in research during the pandemic-enforced lockdown among 2,029 women academics drawn from 26 public universities in south africa. our study finds that a dramatic increase in teaching and administrative workloads, and the traditional family roles assumed by women while �working from home,� were among the key factors behind the reported decline in research activity among female academics in public universities. in short, teaching and administration effectively displaced research and publication�with serious implications for an already elusive gender equality in research. finally, the paper offers recommendations that leaders and policy makers can draw on to support women academics and families in higher education during and beyond pandemic times. 35. title: is open innovation imprinted on new ventures? the cooperation-inhibiting legacy of authoritarian regimes authors: michael wyrwich, philip j. steinberg, florian noseleit, pedro de faria abstract: extant research explores the role played by individuals and, in particular, founders in defining open innovation strategies at the firm level. we join this discussion by combining insights from imprinting literature that explores the enduring impact of a founder's personal history, with inputs from literature that stresses the impact of past experience on trust formation. we suggest that founders are less likely to engage in open innovation if their experiences engender a generalized lack of trust. we use a unique database that includes east and west german founders to identify regional differences in activities conducted by authoritarian regimes that could inhibit trust. we find that founders who were exposed to high levels of secret police surveillance !"$ .01234=��ʻʪʘ�zf^sf8*h^�h^�5�ojqj^jh�"�h^�5�ojqj^jh^�5�ojqj^jo(h�ud5�ojqj^jh�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h�3�5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj#h@##h@##5�cjojqj^jaj h��5�cjojqj^jajo(h@##5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h@##h@##5�cjojqj^jaj123��956x��\?!@!�!"]'^'��gd�l$gd%j,gd@##gd^�gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4��'(789bc3456789?@wx��ÿ��́��ÿ�s��l^�́^hto�h^�5�ojqj^jhto�h^�hih^�ojqj^jo(hvi�h^�5�ojqj^jo(h�l$h^�5�ojqj^jh^�5�ojqjo(h^�h^�ojqj^jo(h^�h^�ojqj^jh^�h^�h^�h^�5�ojqj^jh^�5�ojqj^jh�"�h^�5�ojqj^jh^�5�ojqj^jo($��jj�� 0lz[\��ʼ��xj]xrjgjg:ht45�ojqj^jo(h@##5�ojqj^jhicy5�ojqj^jhj�5�ojqj^jo(h@##h@##5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jhih^�ojqj^jh^�h^�ojqj^jo(h^�h^�ojqj^jh�)h^�ojqj^jo(hto�h^�5�ojqj^jhvi�h^�5�ojqj^jo(h^�5�ojqj^jh^�h^�5�ojqj^jh^�5�ojqj^jo(\ef>!?!@!a!c!i!j!�!�!�!�! 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