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��ࡱ�>�� u �r��bjbj�n�n2��a��a8� ��""��8��4��ql��9q;q;q;q;q;q;q$bs�v<_qq�_q��4�q��9q�9q��і�]<�� (�%q�q0�q�tvs:tv��/tv��m��_q_q�"�q��tv"qs: world development volume 161, issue 1, january 2023 1. title: explaining trends in adult height in china: 1950 to 1990 authors: minhee chae, timothy j. hatton, xin meng abstract: this paper explores the changing trend of adult height in china for cohorts born in 1950�90. we use information on household structure and local economic conditions during the individual�s childhood to explain the trend. we find that during the 40-year period, the growth rate of adult height increased, with the most substantial increase occurring in the 1980s. one important contributing factor to the growth of adult height is the continued increase in government per capita spending on health and education. the impressive growth in the 1980s was mainly due to the introduction of market-oriented economic reforms, rather than the advent of the one-child policy. we find that the positive effect of economic reforms was larger for urban dwellers than for their rural counterparts and within the rural areas the benefit was far greater for men than for women. 2. title: accelerating technical change through ict: evidence from a video-mediated extension experiment in ethiopia authors: gashaw t. abate, tanguy bernard, simrin makhija, david j. spielman abstract: despite enthusiasm around applications of information and communications technologies (icts) to smallholder agriculture in many lower-income countries, there are still many questions on the effectiveness of ict-based approaches. this study assesses the impacts of video-mediated agricultural extension service provision on farmers� adoption of improved agricultural technologies and practices in ethiopia using data from a two-year randomized experiment. our results show that the video-mediated extension approach significantly increases uptake of recommended technologies and practices by improving extension access and farmer knowledge. specifically, we find that video-mediated extension reaches a wider audience than the government�s conventional extension approach and leads to higher levels of farmer understanding and uptake of the subject technologies in those locations randomly assigned to the program. while our results also point to greater extension access and greater knowledge among female spouses in locations where both male and female spouses were targeted by the program, we do not find clear evidence that a more inclusive approach translates into higher uptake of the subject technologies. finally, we find that the video-mediated approach becomes less costly as the scale of operation increases. 3. title: of cooks, crooks and slum-dwellers: exploring the lived experience of energy and mobility poverty in mexico's informal settlements authors: dylan d. furszyfer del rio, benjamin k. sovacool abstract: so-called �slum-dwellers� living in informal settlements in mexico city metropolitan area (mcma) often confront poor health outcomes, face chronic accommodation insecurity and are frequent victims of social intolerance, discrimination and racism. in addition, they usually reside in living environments with precariously hazardous conditions that often lead to their well-being endangerment. based on extensive original research with slum-dwellers from the mcma including focus groups (n = 18 participants), household interviews (n = 51 participants), and site visits (n = 5), this study investigates their energy and housing needs, transport and mobility patterns and challenges to their overall quality of life and health. the mcma is one of the largest metropolitan regions globally, and most of its inhabitants experience a �double energy vulnerability,� circumstances whereby people are at an intensified risk of energy and transport poverty simultaneously. our investigation circles around three key themes. in exploring the subject of extreme poverty and vulnerability, we show not only the problems they confront but also illegal practices such as electricity thefts and coping strategies. in investigating the subject of perpetual peripheralization, we show troubling patterns of discrimination, racism and social intolerance. in exploring the subject of spatial justice, we suggest a set of policies that ought to help achieve it. 4. title: radio and technology adoption during india�s green revolution: evidence from a natural experiment authors: srinivasan vasudevan abstract: can mass communication play a role in spurring technology adoption and productivity growth in agriculture, particularly when there are significant barriers to social learning? to answer this question, i estimate the impact of regional radio broadcasts, that included significant farm programming, on the adoption of high-yielding varieties (hyvs) of rice and wheat during the green revolution in india. i exploit the staggered expansion of the regional radio network to identify the impact. using an annual district-level administrative dataset from 1966 to 1978, i find that introduction of regional farm radio broadcasts led to a large persistent increase in the adoption of hyvs of rice, a spatially heterogeneous technology less amenable to social learning. by contrast, there was at most a transient impact on the adoption of hyvs of wheat, a spatially homogeneous technology with a lot of scope for social learning. importantly, i find that the regional farm radio broadcasts increased rice yields by 15%, a magnitude potentially large enough to justify the investments in the expansion of the regional radio network. overall, this paper demonstrates that mass communication can indeed play a key role in diffusing profitable agricultural innovations when there are significant barriers to social learning. 5. title: using machine learning and qualitative interviews to design a five-question survey module for women�s agency authors: seema jayachandran, monica biradavolu, jan cooper abstract: open-ended interview questions elicit rich information about people�s lives, but in large-scale surveys, social scientists often need to measure complex concepts using only a few close-ended questions. we propose a new method to design a short survey measure for such cases by combining mixed-methods data collection and machine learning. we identify the best survey questions based on how well they predict a benchmark measure of the concept derived from qualitative interviews. we apply the method to create a survey module and index for women�s agency. we measure agency for 209 married women in haryana, india, first, through a semi-structured interview and, second, through a large set of close-ended questions. we use qualitative coding methods to score each woman�s agency based on the interview, which we use as a benchmark measure of agency. to determine the close-ended questions most predictive of the benchmark, we apply statistical algorithms that build on lasso and random forest but constrain how many variables are selected for the model (five in our case). the resulting five-question index is as strongly correlated with the coded qualitative interview as is an index that uses all of the candidate questions. this approach of selecting survey questions based on their statistical correspondence to coded qualitative interviews could be used to design short survey modules for many other latent constructs. 6. title: refugees welcome? inter-group interaction and host community attitude formation authors: alexander betts, maria flinder stierna, naohiko omata, olivier sterck abstract: building upon the literature on attitudes to immigration, which mainly focuses on europe and north america, this article explores the role of inter-group interaction in influencing host community attitudes towards refugees in east africa. it draws upon first-hand quantitative (n = 16,608) and qualitative data collected from refugees and nearby host communities in urban and camp-like contexts in uganda, kenya, and ethiopia. focusing on the uganda data, for which host community attitude and interaction data is available, ols regressions reveal a small positive and significant correlation between refugee-host interaction and the perception of hosts towards refugees. this association disappears when an instrumental variable (iv) approach is used to address endogeneity issues, except when only data from the urban context is used. combining cross-country data and qualitative data, we highlight some conditions that may shape hosts� attitudes towards refugees, including the types of interaction, ethno-linguistic proximity, and residence in urban or camp-like contexts. in all contexts, an important part of attitude formation appears to take place at the intra-group level, within households and immediate neighbourhoods, independently of individual interaction with the out-group. 7. title: disease and diversity in long-term economic development authors: javier a. birchenall abstract: ethnographic data and archeological censuses of cities suggest that sub-saharan africa lagged behind tropical america during pre-colonial times. disease (i.e., environmentally determined pathogen stress) has a negative impact on pre-colonial economic conditions, as measured by the presence of large physical structures in ethnographic data. this negative relationship is seen primarily, but not exclusively in african societies. using a simple coalitional game, i propose a causal path from disease to ethnic diversity. ethnographic data suggests a positive effect of disease on ethnic diversity, and persistent effects on long-term economic development. even today, pre-colonial factors influence income per capita and ethnolinguistic fractionalization. 8. title: adaptation to expected and unexpected weather fluctuations: evidence from bangladeshi smallholder farmers authors: man li abstract: whether and how quickly farmers adapt to a changing climate is of paramount importance to understanding the potential impacts of climate change on agriculture. yet the literature on adaptation has paid less attention to the distinction between ex-ante adjustments to expected weather and ex-post responses to unexpected shocks. using a three-wave, nationally representative bangladesh integrated household survey, this paper exploits large variation in precipitation and temperature to estimate the weather impacts on bangladesh agriculture and to identify the associated productive adaptations to expected and unexpected weather changes. it presents evidence that bangladeshi farmers are resilient to exposure of crops to temperatures below 32�c through various adaptive activities such as reallocation of land and irrigation water between rice and non-rice crops, the adoption of non-rice improved seed varieties, and the adjustment of the input cost composition. but increased exposure to extreme heat above 32�c causes significant declines in agricultural productivity in wet seasons. although farmers increase irrigation water inputs to aus and aman rice against unexpected extreme heat, the adaptation effect remains limited. the total cash cost associated with cultivation does not respond to weather changes, plausibly due to the presence of financial liquidity constraints. this study�s finding adds to evidence of smallholder farmers� short- and medium-run productive responses to adverse climate change in the developing world. 9. title: capitalism and extreme poverty: a global analysis of real wages, human height, and mortality since the long 16th century authors: dylan sullivan, jason hickel abstract: this paper assesses claims that, prior to the 19th century, around 90% of the human population lived in extreme poverty (defined as the inability to access essential goods), and that global human welfare only began to improve with the rise of capitalism. these claims rely on national accounts and ppp exchange rates that do not adequately capture changes in people�s access to essential goods. we assess this narrative against extant data on three empirical indicators of human welfare: real wages (with respect to a subsistence basket), human height, and mortality. we ask whether these indicators improved or deteriorated with the rise of capitalism in five world regions - europe, latin america, sub-saharan africa, south asia and china � using the chronology put forward by world-systems theorists. the evidence we review here points to three conclusions. (1) it is unlikely that 90% of the human population lived in extreme poverty prior to the 19th century. historically, unskilled urban labourers in all regions tended to have wages high enough to support a family of four above the poverty line by working 250 days or 12 months a year, except during periods of severe social dislocation, such as famines, wars, and institutionalized dispossession � particularly under colonialism. (2) the rise of capitalism caused a dramatic deterioration of human welfare. in all regions studied here, incorporation into the capitalist world-system was associated with a decline in wages to below subsistence, a deterioration in human stature, and an upturn in premature mortality. in parts of south asia, sub-saharan africa, and latin america, key welfare metrics have still not recovered. (3) where progress has occurred, significant improvements in human welfare began several centuries after the rise of capitalism. in the core regions of northwest europe, progress began in the 1880s, while in the periphery and semi-periphery it began in the mid-20th century, a period characterized by the rise of anti-colonial and socialist political movements that redistributed incomes and established public provisioning systems. 10. title: community enforcement and tenure security: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis of twelve community forest management initiatives in the peruvian amazon authors: marieke van der zon, wil de jong, bas arts abstract: the interest of policymakers in community management of tropical forests is ever growing. yet, a large research body shows varied levels of success of community conservation initiatives. while policymakers often prioritize legal forest ownership, mostly land titles, consensus exists that success rather depends on a broader set of local institutional arrangements and their fit with the forest context. in this paper, we contribute to building theory on these institutional arrangements and their interaction. we apply a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to case study data on 12 voluntary community conservation initiatives in northern peru to explore the relationship between local enforcement, legal and alternative property rights, and conservation effectiveness. as recommended for qca our case selection was intentional and the cases exhibit diverse conservation successes, geographic characteristics, legal and customary property rights, and enforcement mechanisms. we conclude that strong community enforcement mechanisms are indispensable for effective conservation in voluntary initiatives. furthermore, we find for cases with strong enforcement mechanisms, that some government back-up, i.e., local government support for enforcement and/or legal rights to conserve the forest, significantly increases conservation effectiveness. strong conservation enforcement tends to be present in communities with strong forest rules, leaders, and pre-existing community institutions. our findings suggest the importance of paying close attention to community characteristics during project design and refraining from one-size-fits-all-solutions, such as focusing mainly on the presence of legal ownership rights over the forest. instead, more focus needs to be placed on understanding existing community institutions and supporting communities to strengthen and adapt these for conservation enforcement, rather than imposing new arrangements. finally, policymakers can help community enforcement institutions become even more effective, by providing them with legal rights to conserve the forest and by strengthening their relationship with local governments so that they receive support in situations they struggle to handle alone. 11. title: does professionalizing maintenance unlock demand for more reliable water supply? experimental evidence from rural uganda authors: daniel w. smith, stephen atwii ongom, jennifer davis abstract: professionalization is gaining prominence as a strategy to address the deficiencies in rural water supply reliability and financial sustainability in low- and middle-income countries that have persisted under community management policies. yet there is little evidence regarding how much water users can and will pay for the higher reliability that professionalized services promise. what evidence exists largely relies on stated preference studies that do not confront water users with paying over time. we conducted a price experiment to measure effective demand (willingness and ability to pay) for a professional handpump maintenance and repair service among 113 water committees and 1,031 households representative of two districts in northern uganda. we offered a one-year subscription using becker-degroot-marschak auctions with real money payments. the service largely delivered on its guarantee of fast repairs and satisfied most customers. nonetheless, we found that just 4% of water committees paid any price for the full service period. none paid for more than one month at prices higher than our estimate of operating cost even though it represented less than 1% of annual household expenditure. our findings contrast assertions from recent stated preference studies that increasing handpump reliability is a lynchpin to attracting higher payments from rural water users. misaligned incentives that discourage water users, nonprofits and their donors, local governments, and political candidates from shifting to higher tariffs for maintenance seem to best explain why effective demand was low. despite the low demand, we estimate that professionally maintaining the existing handpumps in the study districts would cost less in the long run than the de facto practice of letting these assets fail repeatedly and rehabilitating them. as uganda and other countries embark on maintenance-oriented, post-community management rural water policies, funders, practitioners, and researchers will need to grapple with how to align institutional incentives for sustainable financing. 12. title: the hidden cost of global economic integration: how foreign investment drives military expenditures authors: jeffrey kentor, rob clark, andrew jorgenson abstract: the global economy is increasingly integrated, with more than 60,000 international firms now directing almost one million foreign affiliates worldwide. we examine one significant, and largely unexplored, aspect of this integration � the cost of protecting these global investments. more specifically, we assess the extent to which foreign direct investment (fdi) drives military expenditures. drawing from recent studies, we adopt a social network framework. using data from the united nations conference on trade and development�s bilateral fdi statistics and the international monetary fund�s coordinated direct investment survey, we construct the global fdi network between 2001 and 2017 and derive out-degree centrality scores based on each country�s structural location in this network. next, using data from the stockholm international peace research institute, we estimate two-way fixed effects models for a global sample of 1,880 observations across 129 countries over this time period to assess the relationship between fdi centrality and military expenditures. we find that degree centrality in the global fdi network has a positive impact on military expenditures, net of other relevant predictors. military expenditures do not, however, appear to drive fdi. we estimate the aggregate impact of fdi centrality on military expenditures, and suggest that these increased costs amount to a hidden subsidy of global corporate activity. 13. title: inventory credit to enhance food security in burkina faso authors: tristan le cotty, elodie ma�tre d�h�tel, julie subervie abstract: in many african countries, rural households typically sell their crops immediately after the harvest, and then face severe food shortages during the lean season. this paper explores whether alleviating both credit and storage constraints through an inventory credit (or warrantage) program is associated with improvements in household livelihood. we partnered with a rural bank and a nation-wide organization of farmers to evaluate a warrantage program in seventeen villages in burkina faso. in randomly chosen treatment villages, households were offered a loan in exchange for storing a portion of their harvest as a physical collateral in one of the newly-built warehouses of the program. we found that the program has, on average, increased cultivated area in treated villages (mainly cotton and maize), fertilizer use, cattle and grain stock at the end of lean season (millet). although much less robust, the results of the estimations concerning the direct users of the system further suggest that warrantage may have extended the self-subsistence period of about two weeks and increased dietary diversity, with more fruit consumed weekly. 14. title: healthcare reform and gender specific infant mortality in rural nepal authors: vinish shrestha, juergen jung abstract: we estimate to what extent a large scale health care reform disproportionately affects the mortality rate of boys in the context of a developing country with cultural preferences favoring boys. we use arguably exogenous variations due to a health care reform�the national health policy�which was implemented in nepal in 1991 along with data from the nepal living standard survey 1996 and estimate that improved quality of primary health care facilities (by one standard deviation) reduces the mortality rate of infant boys by 3.43 percentage points but does not affect the mortality rate of infant girls. our analysis points to societal gender preferences for sons and the consequent neglect of daughters� health as potential drivers of some of the observed differences in mortality between genders and highlights the important role of cultural norms in shaping the outcomes of large scale health care reforms. 15. title: women who do not migrate: intersectionality, social relations, and participation in western nepal authors: gitta shrestha, emily l. pakhtigian, marc jeuland abstract: migration impacts left-behind populations, disrupting established norms of social interaction, participation, and inclusion. in western nepal, labour migration is common among young men, with implications for household and community participation among those left behind, who are predominately women. in this study, we use mixed methods to examine how labour migration impacts the social inclusion of migrant households, especially, of left-behind women in community groups and activities. for our analysis, we use quantitative survey data from over 3600 households in the karnali and mahakali river basins of western nepal and qualitative data from 16 focus group discussions and 37 in-depth interviews held in the same region. our analysis reveals substantial heterogeneity in the experiences of women and households left behind by migrants. women�s opportunities to participate in economic systems such as natural resource user committees and non-governmental organisation trainings are moderated by intersecting identities including gender, caste/ethnicity, kinship, age, and economic status. young women from nuclear, low caste, and poor households with limited social ties suffer from disadvantaged positions and face restricted access to spaces of participation. accordingly, left-behind women�s opportunities to benefit from community resources remain dependent on their caste and kinship networks. these findings contribute to ongoing debates on the impacts of migration, and can help inform improved targeting of interventions to advance gender equity in rural nepal. 16. title: unravelling the �race to the bottom� argument: foreign direct investment and different types of labour rights authors: luca messerschmidt, nicole janz abstract: does foreign direct investment (fdi) lead to better or worse labour standards in developing countries? we argue that it depends on the type of labour right, and how costly it is to protect it. we propose that governments are likely to follow international pressure and �climb to the top� of improved labour standards, but only for those rights that do not incur direct costs to foreign investors, such as collective bargaining rights. in contrast, we expect that governments engage in a �race to the bottom� when it comes to rights that bear immediate costs for firms, such as overtime pay. to test our argument, we use novel data to distinguish between the legal protection of (1) fair working contracts, (2) adequate working time, (3) dismissal protections, which are more costly; versus (4) collective worker representation, and (5) industrial action rights, which are relatively cheaper to grant. our panel data analysis for 75 developing countries (1982�2010) shows that higher fdi stock and flow is indeed connected to better protection of collective rights, while fdi flow is connected to a decline in relatively expensive outcome rights. these results remain robust across a range of model specifications. 17. title: strategizing actors and agents in the functioning of informal property rights: the tragicomedy of the extralegal housing market in china authors: wanlin lin, george c.s. lin abstract: this paper engages with the ongoing theoretical enquiry into the actual functioning and diverse practices of informal property rights. departing from the prevailing neoliberal perspective and the credibility thesis, this paper develops a framework of institutional analysis to understand the functioning and regional variation of informal property rights. it takes the institutions-as-equilibria perspective and situates both structural and endogenous institutional variables in actors� strategic choices. we test our conceptual framework through a multisite empirical study of extralegal and untitled housing in china. building on game theory, archival research, and fieldwork, we compare the key variables contributing to the divergent fortunes of extralegal and untitled housing property rights in three chinese cities: prospering in shenzhen, selectively interfered with in beijing, and eliminated in sanya. the functioning of informal property rights is found to be contingent upon diverse strategic interactions of local governments and key local stakeholders. our paper highlights the formation of local actors� behavioral beliefs and their adjustment through a nonlinear feedback mechanism. it suggests the necessity and significance of integrating structural and endogenous institutional variables, elaborating on the interplay of formal and informal institutions, and applying the microeconomic and dynamic perspectives to better understand the functioning and diverse practices of informal property rights in the developing world. 18. title: bank deregulation and corporate environmental performance authors: shiyi chen, tao chen, pingyi lou, hong song, chenyu wu abstract: in this study, we provide one of the first pieces of evidence about how bank deregulation affects corporate environmental performance. we use a unique dataset that contains rich information on firms� toxic emissions and exploit the bank branching deregulation policy in china. we find that bank deregulation significantly improves firms� environmental performance, as measured by lower emission intensity of chemical oxygen demand (cod). we further demonstrate that these firms� production efficiency increases and the ratio of tangible assets to total assets decreases, which suggests that upgrading technology and asset mix are the main channels. to improve the efficiency of the banking system, many developing countries are undergoing or moving toward bank deregulation. by focusing on corporate environmental performance, we document an important but unanticipated result of bank deregulation, and the results also provide policy implications for the burgeoning reform in green finance. 19. title: household welfare in the digital age: assessing the effect of mobile money on household consumption volatility in developing countries authors: ablam estel apeti abstract: based on a sample of 76 developing countries over 1990�2019, we assess the effect of adopting mobile money on consumption volatility using entropy balancing. we reveal that countries with mobile money exhibit lower consumption volatility. after checking the robustness of this result, we show that the key drivers of mobile money�s stabilizing effect are financial inclusion and migrant remittances. heterogeneity tests conducted indicate the sensitivity of the result to time and type of mobile money and to some structural factors, including trade openness, inflation, rural population, the rule of law, and level of development. 20. title: tangential movements: how feminist organizing against gender-based violence offers an alternative avenue for protesting drug violence in latin america authors: anjuli fahlberg, maya velasquez, harper wise, tori simon abstract: in the last fifty years, latin america witnessed both a stark rise in violence between drug trafficking organizations and militarized police forces, as well as a significant expansion of social movements. few movements, however, have explicitly mobilized against drug violence due to the extreme dangers of speaking out against armed and corrupt actors. in this paper, we extend our understanding of social movements and drug violence by analyzing the relationship between feminist movements against gender-based violence�or feminist anti-violence (fav)�and drug violence. we conceive fav as a �tangential movement� to drug-related violence, mobilizing around its root causes and consequences without directly targeting its perpetrators. the paper examines case studies of feminist anti-violence movements in three cities: ciudad ju�rez, mexico; caracas, venezuela; and medell�n, colombia. we show that as feminist movements mobilize against gender-based violence, they provide an alternative, and safer, avenue for citizens to mobilize against drug-related violence by working to (a) curb intimate forms of abuse and trauma that create intergenerational cycles of violence; (b) decrease impunity by demanding the state hold perpetrators of violence accountable; (c) strengthen government institutions and their relations with civic organizations, thereby helping enforce democracy and human rights; (d) challenge patriarchal notions of violent masculinity; and (e) organize against structural inequality that bolsters participation in the drug trade. by considering how feminist anti-violence movements help address the underlying causes of drug violence, we can identify new pathways for organizing around human security in contexts where direct channels of confrontation are too risky. 21. title: educate the girls: long run effects of secondary schooling for girls in pakistan authors: tareena musaddiq, farah said abstract: in 2004, the government of punjab, pakistan introduced a conditional cash assistance program for girls attending secondary schools. we exploit variations in exposure to the program across cohorts and regions to estimate the long run effects of the program on women�s marriage and fertility decisions, maternal healthcare utilization and the health outcomes of their children. we find that each potential year of exposure to the program increases the probability of completing secondary school by 1.9 percent and decreases the probability of an early marriage by 3.5 percent. exposure to the program also delays early childbirth and increases the likelihood of seeking prenatal care later in life. we also find evidence of inter-generational effects � children of women exposed to the program are less likely to be underweight ("1.7 percent) or stunted ("1.9 percent) than the comparison sample. evidence suggests assortative matching in the marriage market, increased health awareness and empowerment of educated women may be among the potential drivers of these results. these findings imply that programs aimed at promoting girls� education can lead to beneficial long run gains in multiple dimensions that should be factored in evaluating such policies. 22. title: identity and conflict: evidence from tuareg rebellion in mali authors: maxim ananyev, michael poyker abstract: does internal conflict erode national identity in sub-saharan africa? we explore this question in the context of the 2012 tuareg rebellion in mali. the timing of the conflict was plausibly exogenous: the fall of al-gaddafi�s regime in libya in 2011 triggered the return of the tuareg fighters from the demised leader�s praetorian guard to their homeland in northern mali. using representative survey data on the salience of national and ethnic identities, we perform a difference-in-differences estimation and find that the outbreak of the conflict prompted malian residents living closer to the conflict zone to decrease their national identity more than the residents further away. we argue that this effect is likely to have been driven by proximity to violent events perpetrated by separatist groups and not by selective migration, exposure to internally displaced persons, communal violence, or other potential alternative explanations. our results are consistent with the qualitative evidence on the matter. we place these findings in the context of recent theoretical advances in identity economics. 23. title: does economic growth reduce multidimensional poverty? evidence from low- and middle-income countries authors: p. balasubramanian, f. burchi, d. malerba abstract: the long-standing tradition of empirical studies investigating the nexus between economic growth and poverty concentrates mainly on monetary poverty. in contrast, little is known about the relationship between economic growth and multidimensional poverty. consequently, this study seeks to assess the elasticity of multidimensional poverty to growth, especially in low- and middle-income countries. the study employs two novel, individual-based multidimensional poverty indices: the g-cspi and the g-m0. it relies on an unbalanced panel dataset of 91 low- and middle-income countries observed between 1990 and 2018: this is thus far the largest sample and the longest time span used in the literature to address this research question. within a regression framework, we estimate the growth elasticity of multidimensional poverty using the first difference estimator. our study finds that the growth elasticity of multidimensional poverty is "0.46 while using the g-cspi and "0.35 while using the g-m0: this means that a 10% increase in gdp decreases the multidimensional poverty by approximately 4 5%. there is, however, heterogeneity in the results; in particular, the elasticity is higher in the second sub-period (2001�2018) and for countries with lower initial levels of poverty. furthermore, a comparative analysis reveals that the elasticity of income-poverty to growth is five to eight times higher than that of multidimensional poverty. in conclusion, our results indicate that economic growth is an important instrument to alleviate multidimensional poverty, but its effect is substantially lower than that on monetary poverty. therefore, future research should identify other factors and policies, such as social policies, to substantially reduce multidimensional poverty. 24. title: women�s work in india: evidence from changes in time use between 1998 and 2019 authors: nicholas li abstract: i provide evidence on long-run changes in women�s work for six indian states common to the 1998�99 and 2019 time-use surveys. rural women experienced large decreases in work time (especially paid work) but urban women did not. men experienced larger declines in paid work but partly compensated with greater self-employment. changes in self-reported �principal usual activity status� that are typically used to measure labour force participation do not provide an accurate measure of these changes in work time. declining work for rural women is observed regardless of self-reported usual activity status, education level, caste/religious group, or state. leisure time for women increased, reducing the gender-gap in leisure by 50%. 25. title: looking for advice: the politics of consulting services procurement in the world bank authors: elena v. mclean abstract: scholarship on development aid investigates how donors� and recipients� political and economic interests interact to weaken effectiveness of aid. these influences have been traced at various stages of the aid cycle � from aid commitment and disbursement to impact evaluation. yet, development assistance programs provide not only financial resources for recipient countries, but also human capital. specifically, development aid agencies often rely on experts� and consulting firms� knowledge to enable project development and implementation. such knowledge can increase recipients� capacity to implement domestic reforms, thereby spurring economic and social development. however, transfers of human capital may experience similar pressures that influence flows of financial capital and reduce their effectiveness. this article aims to investigate whether donors� and recipients� interests sway the flow of human capital provided through development programs. i focus on the procurement process for consulting services funded by world bank development aid, and show that formal institutional requirements for consultant selection leave room for recipient governments to pursue domestic and foreign benefits from procurement decisions. in addition, my analyses show that governments� pursuit of such benefits has tangible consequences for aid effectiveness: when recipients favor domestic consulting firms, projects take more time to complete and tend to receive lower outcome evaluations. 26. title: child labor among farm households in mozambique and the role of reciprocal adult labor authors: laura fumagalli, thomas martin abstract: we test the impact of a reciprocal adult labor program, ajuda m�tua (am), on child labor and schooling. am was introduced into the province of nampula in mozambique, an area where farm production relies on child labor, potentially due to labor and financial market failures. using difference in differences, we estimate that am reduces child labor by eight percentage points. we argue that am reduces child labor by providing low-cost adult labor and potentially increasing farm productivity. we benchmark the am results against the impact of village saving and loan associations (vsla) and am and vsla in combination (vam). neither vsla nor vam reduce child labor. if credit is used in a way that increases labor demand beyond what can be accommodated by am labor, child labor may increase. we conclude that addressing labor market failures may be more successful at reducing child labor than addressing financial market failures. results on schooling are mixed. 27. title: hospitalization due to fire-induced pollution in the brazilian amazon: a causal inference analysis with an assessment of policy trade-offs authors: thiago fonseca morello abstract: developing countries by relying on agricultural fires trade respiratory health for cheaper land preparation and greater food security of subsistence farmers. in the brazilian amazon, thousands of kilometres of vegetation are annually burned, releasing pollutants that impact the health of 24 million inhabitants. the paper seeks to fill two crucial informational gaps for policy planning, namely, the size of the impact on the most pollution-susceptible groups, i.e., children and the elderly, and the priority locations for health-oriented intervention on fires. a municipal-monthly panel covering ten years of the amazonian territory was analysed by relying on exogenous and high-resolution wind direction variation to identify the effect of fires on pollution and hospitalizations. this is an unparalleled effort for applying to a large geographical area spanning five million km2 a highly refined identification strategy relying on hourly gridded wind and fire data. as the result, one extra standard deviation of �upwind� fires was estimated to increase asthma-related hospitalization of the elderly in 0.03 days/month, that is, 4 % of the bed-days commonly demanded by such kind of hospitalization, an effect whose size decayed with the distance between fires and hospitals. a policy assessment uncovered the trade-off between respiratory health of the elderly and nutritional health of fire-dependent subsistence farmers, presenting a priority map for tackling the issue with municipal-level interventions. the targeting of non-subsistence fires is advised, what could avoid 28 days of hospitalization per year. it is thus demonstrated that the trade-offs inherent to agricultural fires could be better balanced by evidence-based targeting of fire prevention policy. 28. title: is china forest landscape restoration (flr) worth it? a cost-benefit analysis and non-equilibrium ecological view authors: han wang, fuan tian, jianxian wu, xin nie abstract: forest landscape restoration (flr) is an important way to address the problems of climate change and land desertification. however, there has been significant controversy about the high cost of restoration and whether it is economically feasible. most cost-benefit analyses of ecological restoration plans have focused on a single ecosystem, without considering the complexity and relevance of the ecosystem. these studies have also not considered the large number of potential important benefits and real opportunity costs, creating the possibility of bias in the cost-benefit analysis. this study applies theoretical analysis tools from non-equilibrium ecology, combining a land system change model and economic analysis to conduct a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis of china's flr program. the research results show that: (1) the benefits of china's implementation of the flr policy exceed the costs, with positive net benefits. (2) after fully considering the cost of flr, including the true opportunity cost, the net benefit of forest landscape restoration in china is between 60 trillion yuan and 110 trillion yuan. (3) different types of commitment goals impact the success of the recovery plan. specifically, quantifiable targets better support successful flr implementation. the article concludes that it is worthwhile to implement forest landscape restoration in china, although the profit margin of the ecological plan is smaller than generally thought. the results provide a scientific basis for the government to formulate flr policies and other ecological restoration plans. 29. title: did a successful fight against covid-19 come at a cost? impacts of the pandemic on employment outcomes in vietnam authors: hai-anh h. dang, cuong viet nguyen, calogero carletto abstract: despite its low middle-income status, vietnam has been widely praised for its success in the fight against early waves of the covid-19 pandemic, with a low mortality rate of approximately 100 deaths out of a population of less than 100 million by the end of 2020. we add to the emerging literature on covid-19 effects on the labor market for poorer countries by analyzing rich individual-level data from vietnam�s labor force surveys spanning 2015 to 2020. we find post-pandemic increases in unemployment and temporary layoff rates alongside decreases in employment quality. monthly wages declined even as the proportion of workers receiving below-minimum wages substantially increased, contributing to sharply rising wage inequality. our findings suggest that more resources should be allocated to protect vulnerable workers, especially as the pandemic continues to cause increasingly severe damage to the global economy. 30. title: protein pluralism and food systems transition: a review of sustainable protein meta-narratives authors: ryan katz-rosene, andrew heffernan, anil arora abstract: there is a very quickly growing literature regarding the appropriate role of protein foods in sustainable food systems transition. from this literature there has emerged several points of contention and debate. there is, for instance, contestation over the appropriate balance of plant- and animal- sourced protein foods in feeding the world�s growing population; competing interpretations of the contributions made by plant and animal protein foods to healthy diets and the alleviation of malnutrition; disputes over the welfare of animals and human workers in protein production, as well as over the ethics of genetic manipulation in the production of novel protein food products; environmental debates about the relationships between protein food production methods and climate change and biodiversity decline; and finally (though not exhaustively), disagreements about how various populations, economic sectors, and cultural practices could be impacted by disruptive alternative protein food technologies or new protein-oriented policies introduced in the name of fomenting a sustainable agri-food transition. protein foods are thus deeply implicated in a range of debates about sustainable agri-food systems. this article provides a review of the literature on the future of sustainable protein across five core dimensions of sustainable food systems: i) food security; ii) nutrition and health; iii) ethics and welfare; iv) climate change and biodiversity; and v) social, economic, and cultural prosperity. using a similar method of interpretive narrative analysis as that developed by b�n� et al. (2019) in world development, we identify and define three main �meta-narrative coalitions� on protein sustainability and examine their respective proposed solutions along these five dimensions. we label and define the three meta-narrative coalitions as i) �modernizing protein� (an approach which centers technological innovation as the primary mechanism for achieving sustainability in the global food system); ii) �reconstituting protein� (which prioritizes the reduction of animal protein consumption and the introduction of novel protein food products in order to achieve sustainable food system transition); and iii) �regenerating protein� (which seeks to restore human-nature relationships within protein production and consumption practices as a means of achieving sustainable development within the global agri-food sector). in addition to defining these meta-narrative coalitions and highlighting their core differences, internal disputes, and areas of common ground, we note how all three narrative coalitions are actively seeking to reshape food systems in material ways. in conclusion, we argue that the pluralist character of contemporary efforts in sustainable protein transition � wherein the world appears to be simultaneously moving in different directions at once � holds resilience potential, yet it also faces challenges which could hinder sustainable transformation. our review contributes to ongoing debates in the literature by highlighting the need for proponents of different sustainable protein meta-narratives to work towards shared objectives, and constructively engage criticisms from opposing perspectives. 31. title: unlocking �lock-in� and path dependency: a review across disciplines and socio-environmental contexts authors: jenny e. goldstein, benjamin neimark, brian garvey, jacob phelps abstract: introduced in the early 2000s, the concept of carbon �lock-in� has been widely adopted by think tanks, academics, and civil society trying to break away from the 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