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��ࡱ�>�� u �r��ebjbj�n�n2��a��a�] ��""��8�|u$�drl��q�q�q�q�q�q�q$�s��v< r�� r��4r;;;�v��q;��q;;;��0��c(;�q4r0dr;�vkf�v;;01�v�knd��;�� r r��dr��v��"qs: science and public policy volume 50, issue 4, august 2023 1. title: are we nearly there yet? new technology adoption and labor demand in peru authors: rafael novella and others abstract: forecasts about the effects of new technologies on labor demand are generally pessimistic. however, little is known about the current level of technology adoption and its effect on labor demand, particularly in developing countries. this paper exploits a national representative employer survey and administrative data from peru to offer empirical evidence in this regard. our results show that the adoption of new technologies by firms is still incipient in the country. however, when adopted, they slightly reduce the demand for workers in the medium term, particularly those in high-skilled and non-routine occupations, with a temporary job contract, and during the covid-19 pandemic. 2. title: observable and unobservable causes of the gender gap in s&t funding for young researchers authors: diana suarez and others abstract: the objective of this paper is to study the relationship between academic performance, gender, and science and technology grants. the empirical analysis is based on the argentinean fund for scientific and technological research �scientific and technological research projects� (foncyt-pict). the methodology is based on a multivariate decomposition for non-linear response models, an extension of the oaxaca�blinder decomposition. results confirm the presence of a gender gap. women have lower probabilities of being awarded with funds than men, even when academic trajectories are alike. results show that even if the productivity gap is closed, men�s and women�s trajectories are differently valued against women, and this negatively impacts their probability of being awarded. therefore, even if women manage to publish more and�somehow�be more cited, the gap will persist. explicit public policy measures are required to close the current gap and stop reproducing it. 3. title: centres of excellence in latin america: how do these differ from other experiences? authors: pavel gabriel corilloclla terbullino abstract: centres of excellence (coes), as boundary-spanning structures between universities and firms, have been promoted and studied mainly in developed countries, while some latin american countries have recently launched coe programmes. this study explores how coes in chile and peru have been working in terms of their internal structures and interactions. it draws upon a conceptual framework that encompasses the distinction between contexts for and channels of university�industry linkages (uils), the defining features of coes, their differences with other schemes and innovation intermediaries, and the patterns shown by coes in developed countries. applying this framework to analyse two coes, we found that these fit into the concept of contexts for uils and differ substantially from research and technology organisations. we also found that chilean and peruvian coes share certain commonalities with their counterparts in developed countries, albeit they also show sharp differences, which have both academic and policy implications. 4. title: from global climate goals to local practice�mission-oriented policy enactment in three swedish regions authors: nancy brett and others abstract: as the national and supranational levels of government embrace the concept of missions to solve wicked problems, the importance of understanding how missions move from one level of governance to another becomes essential. in this paper, we present a comparative case analysis of evolving regional biogas systems to consider how global missions on climate action are enacted in local practice. referring to wickedness in terms of contestation, complexity, and uncertainty of both problems and solutions, we examine how such framings affect the operationalisation of the missions. our results indicate that in the process of local translation, wickedness often increases, but additional wickedness does not always worsen the outcomes. 5. title: evaluation of research proposals by peer review panels: broader panels for broader assessments? authors: rebecca abma-schouten and others abstract: panel peer review is widely used to decide which research proposals receive funding. through this exploratory observational study at two large biomedical and health research funders in the netherlands, we gain insight into how scientific quality and societal relevance are discussed in panel meetings. we explore, in ten review panel meetings of biomedical and health funding programmes, how panel composition and formal assessment criteria affect the arguments used. we observe that more scientific arguments are used than arguments related to societal relevance and expected impact. also, more diverse panels result in a wider range of arguments, largely for the benefit of arguments related to societal relevance and impact. we discuss how funders can contribute to the quality of peer review by creating a shared conceptual framework that better defines research quality and societal relevance. we also contribute to a further understanding of the role of diverse peer review panels. 6. title: barriers as moderators in the innovation process authors: diego r de moraes silva and others abstract: this article investigates the effect of financial and non-financial barriers on innovativeness. using microdata from brazil, it provides a rare detailed empirical investigation of this type in developing countries. the analysis is based on a novel conceptual framework of the moderating role of barriers to innovation. research and development expenditure and informal methods of intellectual property protection are the innovation determinants least affected by obstacles to innovation. this is in sharp contrast to company size, whose effect appeared quite sensitive to barriers of all kinds. disembodied and embodied knowledge outsourcing interact differently with different constraints: while the former appeared helpful in working around different types of barriers in low-tech sectors, the latter was more useful in addressing financial constraints in high-tech sectors. finally, cooperation with other firms was negatively affected by obstacles when firms seek more radical innovations, whereas cooperation with research and education organizations proved attractive for companies facing organizational constraints. 7. title: the experimentation�accountability trade-off in innovation and industrial policy: are learning networks the solution? authors: slavo radosevic and others abstract: the exact nature of industrial/innovation (i/i) policy challenges and the best way to address them are unknown ex ante. this requires a degree of experimentation, which can be problematic in the context of an accountable public administration and leaves the question of how to reconcile the experimental nature of i/i policy with the need for public accountability, a crucial but unresolved issue. the trade-off between experimentation and accountability requires a governance model that will allow continuous feedback loops among the various stakeholders and ongoing evaluation of and adjustments to activities as programmes are implemented. we propose an �action learning� approach, incorporating the governance mechanism of �learning networks� to handle the problems of implementing experimental governance of new and untried i/i policies. we resolve the issue of accountability by drawing on the literature on network governance in public policy. by integrating control and learning dimensions of accountability, this approach enables us to resolve conceptually and empirically trade-offs between the need for experimentation and accountability in i/i policy. 8. title: policy entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial strategies, and institutional contexts in interreg europe authors: arnault morisson and evangelia petridou abstract: in their efforts to affect policy change, policy entrepreneurs employ a series of strategies, which have been well documented in the literature. however, little is known regarding the relationship between the types of strategies policy entrepreneurs use and the institutional contexts in which they operate. the interreg europe programme aims to promote policy changes and thus offers a space for policy learning and experimentation to policy entrepreneurs. using a mixed methodology that includes a survey addressed to the sixty-five interreg europe projects in research and innovation during the programming period 2014�20 and twelve follow-up semi-structured interviews, this article explores the strategies used by policy entrepreneurs in different institutional contexts. the study, rare in the policy entrepreneurship scholarship with its quantitative aspects, highlights the most widely-used strategies by policy entrepreneurs in research and innovation policy changes. findings suggest that the strategy of storytelling is more widely used in high-innovator regions than in low-innovator regions and in northern european regions compared to southern european regions. moreover, policy entrepreneurs who employ the storytelling strategy find it easier to introduce a policy change. 9. title: analysis of covid-19 recovery and resilience policy in finland: a transformative policy mix approach authors: paula kivimaa and others abstract: transformative innovation policy (tip) implies not only new directionality for innovation policy but also rethinking its means and scope. this requires further investigation into the role of horizontal and cross-sectoral policy programmes that may be relevant for upscaling innovation and destabilising regimes. this paper studies the national implementation, in finland, of the european union (eu) programme for covid-19 recovery, the recovery and resilience facility (rrf), as an example of a cross-sectoral policy programme. it is of interest, because the eu has set certain conditions related to sustainability transitions for the rrf. using a transformative policy mix approach, the paper finds that the finnish rrf programme lists many policy measures that can be regarded as having a transformative intent. these include upscaling innovative sustainability niches and destabilising existing practices. yet, we also found that there is a risk that cross-sectoral programmes fail to find overall transformative visions and fund multiple potentially competing technological pathways instead. 10. title: disentangling the local context�imagined communities and researchers� sense of belonging authors: serge p j m horbach and others abstract: it is generally agreed that researchers� �local context� matters to the successful implementation of research integrity policies. however, it often remains unclear what the relevant local context is. is it the institutions and immediate working surroundings of researchers? or, do we need to pay more attention to researchers� epistemic communities if we want to understand their �local context�? in this paper, we examine this question by using the international research integrity survey with more than 60,000 respondents. survey responses indicate that academics identify with both their geographical local units (�polis�) and their more transnational epistemic or scholarly communities (�cosmos�). identification with scholarly communities tends to be strongest. we embed the survey results in the academic literature by proposing a theoretical understanding of academics� �local context� based on beck�s notion of cosmopolitanism and durkheim�s concept of solidarity. we conclude with considerations on how to successfully implement research integrity policies. 11. title: ideology, knowledge, and the assessment of science policy agencies authors: kathryn haglin, arnold vedlitz abstract: in the usa, politics often dominates the conversation surrounding science and related technologies. we also live in times of high political polarization, leading to political debate over scientific discoveries and subsequent policy implications. given these dynamics, there is much to be learned about the politicization of science, individuals� policy views, and the public�s relationship with the communication and interpretation of scientific findings. agencies are often responsible for facilitating scientific research and framing its policy relevance for decision makers and the public. this paper uses data from a large national public opinion survey to investigate citizen attitudes about government science agencies. we theorize that disparities between objective and self-assessed scientific knowledge coupled with ideological cues help frame citizen evaluations of agencies. we find that individuals� political ideologies and disparities between knowledge types shape citizen assessments of energy-related scientific agencies. these findings have important implications for our understanding of public acceptance of the work of government science agencies. 12. title: exploring indicators for monitoring sociotechnical system transitions through portfolio networks authors: caetano c r penna, oscar yandy romero goyeneche, cristian matti abstract: in this paper, we propose a method for tracking the evolution of sociotechnical niches supported by sustainability-focused project portfolios. based on social network analysis (sna), this method can be used to evaluate and monitor funding initiatives that seek to advance sociotechnical transitions. it is an important area of study because there is currently a lack of tools for measuring the success of efforts to promote transformative innovation. conceptually, our approach is based on existing sociotechnical transition research and offers insights into how project networks evolve. we applied this method to a specific portfolio of food system projects that the european institute for innovation and technology climate-kic supported. our results show that sna can provide a proper visual representation of the infrastructure that supports programme-based investment and can help us understand how specific network structures can support niche development and protect it from external pressures. 13. title: science diplomacy in the global south�an introduction authors: derya b�y�ktanir karacan and pierre-bruno ruffini abstract: science diplomacy (sd) is both a new and old subject. it is new in that the title �science diplomacy� began to circulate about 15 years ago. the establishment of the center for science diplomacy by the american association for the advancement of science (aaas) (2008), the 50th anniversary of signing the antarctic treaty (washington, dc, 2009), and the publication of the new frontiers in science diplomacy report (royal society and american association for the advancement of science 2010) attracted broad interest in the diplomatic and academic communities. as a result of these milestone events, more developed and developing countries have started acknowledging the foreign relations applications of sd as a new tool. they have declared their commitment to sd by including sd in their national strategy and policy documents (turekian and kishi 2017). others have engaged in sd policies or activities de facto without calling them such. this opens a new area for cooperation that reaches beyond the realms of scientific communities to involve both government and scientific domains (buyuktanir karacan 2021). 14. title: the globalization of science diplomacy in the early 1970s: a historical exploration authors: sam robinson and others abstract: the early 1970s brought fundamental transitions in international scientific collaboration that significantly affected the international relations in global patterns that are still relevant today. this article uses a multi-perspective approach to argue that the underlying condition for the globalization of science diplomacy was the increasing participation of recently independent countries in international technoscientific affairs, examining critical research areas, including space exploration, oceanography, nuclear technoscience, the environmental sciences, and health and population studies. themes emerged at that time that continue to characterize what we term �global science diplomacy�: multipolarity, resistance and agency, lack of global consensus, regional alliances and interests, and the centrality of the united nations system to the conduct of transnational science. this survey is a first step in historical reflection on this phenomenon and shows that it was the emergence of the global south in science diplomacy affairs that made science diplomacy global at the beginning of the 1970s. 15. title: coloniality in science diplomacy�evidence from the atlantic ocean authors: andrei polejack abstract: ocean science diplomacy stands for the social phenomena resulting from the interaction of science and diplomacy in ocean affairs. it refers, inter alia, to the provision of scientific evidence in support of international decision-making, the building of alliances through scientific cooperation, and the enhancement of international collaborative marine research. despite this generalization, we still lack an understanding of the sense practitioners make of ocean science diplomacy. this paper reports on perceptions of ocean science diplomacy collected through twenty in-depth interviews with south and north atlantic government officials and researchers involved in the all-atlantic ocean research alliance. in principle, interviewees perceive ocean science diplomacy as a positive and critically important phenomenon that combines the best of science and diplomacy. however, below this generally positive perception, there seems to be a polarization of power between science and policy and also between south and north atlantic perspectives. scientists have reported feeling suspicious of policymaking processes, while officials portray science as unaccountable and segregated from policy. south atlantic researchers expressed concern over limited research capabilities, and officials reported an openness to the scientific evidence presented by scientists. northern interviewees, with reported enhanced research capabilities, seem more inclined to search for the right scientific evidence in support of national political goals. a preconceived sense of the other is what seems to permeate south�north atlantic relationships. northern subjects make sense of their southern peers as those in need of assistance, while southern interviewees claimed being unheard and victims of tokenism. i discuss these findings in light of postcolonial and decolonial theories, advocating for the need to decolonize ocean science diplomacy in the atlantic ocean if we are to achieve its alluded benefits. 16. title: science diplomacy from a nation-state�s perspective: a general framing and its application to global south authors: pierre-bruno ruffini, olga krasnyak abstract: based on international relations (irs) grounding theories, this article outlines a realist-constructivist perspective in science diplomacy when assessing a nation-state�s foreign policy decision-making and behaviour. the proposed theoretical framing helps us evaluate existing practices of science diplomacy within the larger context of irs and allows us to better understand the increasing role of science diplomacy and its potency in the foreign policy of emerging and developing countries. the proposed exploratory research methodology outlines the contours of a science diplomacy reading grid breaking it down into the categories of objectives, strategic drivers, and tools. the data collection and semi-structured interviews with high-ranking practitioners and experts allowed us to assess the meaning of science diplomacy as understood and implemented by global south countries and to distinguish science diplomacy practices as oriented towards the satisfaction of domestic needs and international positioning. 17. title: science diplomacy from the global south: the case of intergovernmental science organizations authors: anna-lena r�land and others abstract: intergovernmental science organizations (igsos) address many challenges of the 21st century. several countries of the global south have joined established igsos or have created new ones. yet we know little about their interests in igsos. our study addresses this blind spot by investigating which objectives southern actors pursue in igsos and under which conditions they are likely to achieve their objectives. using insights from three strands of literature, we compare four igsos with southern participation: the european organization for nuclear research, the international thermonuclear experimental reactor, the square kilometer array, and the african lightsource. we show that countries of the global south pursue a multitude of political and scientific objectives in igsos, ranging from capacity-building to casting off political isolation. moreover, we demonstrate that southern countries have varying chances of attaining these objectives, depending on their scientific community, domestic politics, industrial capacities and in some cases geographic location as well as an igso�s maturity. 18. title: scientific collaborations between latin america and europe: an approach from science diplomacy towards international engagement authors: luisa f echeverr�a-king and others abstract: international collaborations show asymmetries and imbalances that influence how countries take part in international relations. in this context, science diplomacy (sd) could offer possibilities towards building partnerships and meaningful engagement between europe and latin america. the purpose of this article is to analyse how scientific collaborations between latin american and european researchers are carried out, observing trends, behaviours, and perceptions. qualitative methodologies and the analysis of empirical data collected through a survey allow the extraction of relevant experiences from real cases of international joint projects. findings indicate that addressing the asymmetries in the collaboration between partnering researchers from europe and latin america is essential, and sd approaches may facilitate such endeavour. sd may not represent a panacea; however, it seems to facilitate the internationalisation of research in terms of mobility, international scientific collaborations, and knowledge exchange with under-represented actors in traditional international scientific schemes, such as indigenous communities. 19. title: china�s use of formal science and technology agreements as a tool of diplomacy authors: caroline s wagner and denis f simon abstract: china�s government uses a variety of diplomatic tools to pursue its foreign policy aims including negotiating and signing formal bilateral science and technology agreements (stas). these agreements have been signed with at least fifty-two countries. we identified agreements with an additional sixty-four countries with science and technology (s&t), among other topics such as education, as subjects for cooperation. the ministry of science and technology reports having signed 115 intergovernmental science and technology agreements (stas) and established ties with 161 countries and regions, although we were not able to identify all these agreements. the earliest of china�s stas were signed in the 1950s with communist countries, but, in the late 1970s, china began signing agreements with scientifically-advanced nations, which opened opportunities for s&t cooperation. more recently, china has negotiated and signed scientific and technological cooperation agreements with dozens of middle- and lower-income countries, possibly to establish political goodwill. 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