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��ࡱ�>�� df����c��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������u �r�-bjbj�n�n2>��a��a % �������""������������8�4-��plaaaaauuu7p9p9p9p9p9p9p$$r��t<]p�uuuuu]p��aa4rpooou��a�a7pou7poooa����p�w�������co#p�p0�pouluoo�2u�#muuouuuuu]p]p��uuu�puuuu��������������������������������������������������������������������uuuuuuuuuu"q s: american sociological review volume 88, issue 3, june 2023 1. title: individual empowerment, institutional confidence, and vaccination rates in cross-national perspective, 1995 to 2018 authors: wade m. cole, evan schofer, kristopher velasco abstract: in the past decade, before the onset of the covid-19 pandemic, rates of childhood vaccination against diseases such as measles, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus declined worldwide. an extensive literature examines the correlates and motives of vaccine hesitancy�the reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines�among individuals, but little macrosociological theory or research seeks to explain changes in country-level vaccine uptake in global and comparative perspective. drawing on existing research on vaccine hesitancy and recent developments in world society theory, we link cross-national variation in vaccination rates to two global cultural processes: the dramatic empowerment of individuals and declining confidence in liberal institutions. both processes, we argue, emerged endogenously in liberal world culture, instigated by the neoliberal turn of the 1980s and 1990s. fixed- and random-effects panel regression analyses of data for 80 countries between 1995 and 2018 support our claim that individualism and lack of institutional confidence contributed to the global decline in vaccination rates. we also find that individualism is itself partly responsible for declining institutional confidence. our framework of world-cultural change might be extended to help make sense of recent post-liberal challenges in other domains. 2. title: guns versus climate: how militarization amplifies the effect of economic growth on carbon emissions authors: andrew k. jorgenson, brett clark, ryan p. thombs, jeffrey kentor, jennifer e. givens, xiaorui huang, hassan el tinay, daniel auerbach, matthew c. mahutga abstract: building on cornerstone traditions in historical sociology, as well as work in environmental sociology and political-economic sociology, we theorize and investigate with moderation analysis how and why national militaries shape the effect of economic growth on carbon pollution. militaries exert a substantial influence on the production and consumption patterns of economies, and the environmental demands required to support their evolving infrastructure. as far-reaching and distinct characteristics of contemporary militarization, we suggest that both the size and capital intensiveness of the world�s militaries enlarge the effect of economic growth on nations� carbon emissions. in particular, we posit that each increases the extent to which the other amplifies the effect of economic growth on carbon pollution. to test our arguments, we estimate longitudinal models of emissions for 106 nations from 1990 to 2016. across various model specifications, robustness checks, a range of sensitivity analyses, and counterfactual analysis, the findings consistently support our propositions. beyond advancing the environment and economic growth literature in sociology, this study makes significant contributions to sociological research on climate change and the climate crisis, and it underscores the importance of considering the military in scholarship across the discipline. 3. title: clarity from violence? intragroup aggression and the structure of status hierarchies authors: james chu abstract: status hierarchies are fundamental forms of social order that structure peer interactions like intragroup aggression. the reciprocal relationship, however, remains unclear. does intragroup aggression strengthen, or weaken, status hierarchies? under what conditions? to answer these questions, i analyze an original dataset containing victimization and directed friendship networks of 8,229 adolescents across 256 classes and three semesters. measuring the strength of status hierarchies by how likely friendship nominations are characterized by hierarchical triads, i show that peer aggression weakens status hierarchies, and temporal sequences indicate the results are unlikely to be explained by reverse causality. i theorize that clear status hierarchies emerge through coordinated reallocations of esteem, and peer aggression engenders hierarchy primarily by giving onlookers shared opportunities to coordinate. peer aggression, however, is frequently ambiguous, and onlookers arrive at inconsistent interpretations, fragmenting how they assign esteem and reducing the clarity of status distinctions. additional analyses confirm that whether peer aggression strengthens or weakens status hierarchies depends on the consistent perceptions of onlookers. taken together, this research demonstrates the significance of third-party onlookers and their ability to consistently interpret interactions, while offering new explanations for when peer aggression is self-limiting or persistent. 4. title: �everyone thinks they�re special�: how schools teach children their social station authors: peter francis harvey abstract: sociologists have identified many ways that childhood inequalities promote social reproduction. these inequalities are not always explicitly linked to what children are taught about their position and direction in the world, what i term their social station. extant case studies find that social station socialization has meritocratic underpinnings (e.g., elite boarding schoolers are taught they are the �best of the best�). but societal changes, including increased emphasis on identity in educational institutions� and employers� evaluative practices, raise the prospect of similar changes in childhood socialization. i conducted three years of observations in two racially diverse elementary schools�one upper-middle class, the other working class�supplemented by interviews with 101 students, teachers, and parents. students were taught markedly different lessons about their social station, but neither school predicated this on meritocratic achievement narratives. overall, children at the upper-middle-class school were taught to see themselves as always-already special because of their internal qualities. children at the working-class school were taught to see themselves as conditionally good if they adhered to external rules. variations were visible for asian american girls at the upper-middle-class school and poor students and black students at the working-class school. i discuss the importance of school socialization and the implications of discrimination, identity rhetoric, and individualism for social reproduction. 5. title: how new ideas diffuse in science authors: mengjie cheng, daniel scott smith, xiang ren, hancheng cao, sanne smith, daniel a. mcfarland abstract: what conditions enable novel intellectual contributions to diffuse and become integrated into later scientific work? prior work tends to focus on whole cultural products, such as patents and articles, and emphasizes external social factors as important. this article focuses on concepts as reflections of ideas, and we identify the combined influence that social factors and internal intellectual structures have on ideational diffusion. to develop this perspective, we use computational techniques to identify nearly 60,000 new ideas introduced over two decades (1993 to 2016) in the web of science and follow their diffusion across 38 million later publications. we find new ideas diffuse more widely when they socially and intellectually resonate. new ideas become core concepts of science when they reach expansive networks of unrelated authors, achieve consistent intellectual usage, are associated with other prominent ideas, and fit with extant research traditions. these ecological conditions play an increasingly decisive role later in an idea�s career, after their relations with the environment are established. this work advances the systematic study of scientific ideas by moving beyond products to focus on the content of ideas themselves and applies a relational perspective that takes seriously the contingency of their success. 6. title: what types of novelty are most disruptive? authors: erin leahey, jina lee, russell j. funk abstract: novelty and impact are key characteristics of the scientific enterprise. classic theories of scientific change distinguish among different types of novelty and emphasize how a new idea interacts with previous work and influences future flows of knowledge. however, even recently developed measures of novelty remain unidimensional, and continued reliance on citation counts captures only the amount, but not the nature, of scientific impact. to better align theoretical and empirical work, we attend to different types of novelty (new results, new theories, and new methods) and whether a scientific offering has a consolidating form of influence (bringing renewed attention to foundational ideas) or a disruptive one (prompting subsequent scholars to overlook them). by integrating data from the web of science (to measure the nature of influence) with essays written by authors of citation classics (to measure novelty type), and by joining computational text analysis with statistical analyses, we demonstrate clear and robust patterns between type of novelty and the nature of scientific influence. as expected, new methods tend to be more disruptive, whereas new theories tend to be less disruptive. surprisingly, new results do not have a robust effect on the nature of scientific influence.     $&./158:;<>g�����ʸʩʸ��wobtf9thj�5�ojqj^jo(h9�h9�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h�]5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jajh9�5�cjojqj^jaj#hjhj5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj h$-�5�cjojqj^jajo(#h9�h9�5�cjojqj^jaj;<=��vw�h��7j$%���!�!�!?"�'�'������������������������gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4������uvwxz`a����ghqr����˽�����|�n^|�n^|pchowhowojqj^jhih�l$ojqj^jo(hvi�h�l$5�ojqj^jo(howhow5�ojqj^jh�l$h�l$5�ojqj^jh�l$5�ojqj^jo(hj�5�ojqjo(hiht4ojqj^jo(h9�h9�ojqj^jhihj�ojqj^jo(h�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jht45�ojqj^jo(h9�h9�5�ojqj^jhicy5�ojqj^j��������67?@ijst#$%&(./����ķ٨��٨���}p�cug:h$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jh�"�h%j,5�ojqj^jhs/�5�ojqj^jo(hihanojqj^jhklhklojqj^jh� )hto�ojqj^jo(hvi�hto�5�ojqj^jo(hklhkl5�ojqj^jhto�hto�5�ojqj^j hto�hto�h�"�h�`�5�ojqj^jhto�5�ojqj^jo(h%j,5�ojqjo(hihu<�ojqj^jo(/0���������!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!�!>"���ķ��ĩ���vhzvl>zvlhvi�h�ps5�ojqj^jh�obh�ob5�ojqj^jh�psh�ps5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jh�ps5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h%j,ojqj^jo(hklhklojqj^jh� )h$?�ojqj^jo(h$?�5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h$?�5�ojqj^jhvi�h$?�5�ojqj^jo(hklhkl5�ojqj^jhklhkl5�ojqj^jo(>"?"h"i"�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�'�' - - -----���ǹ�����wi�[w���n��fbfbh�ojh�ouh�2vh�2vojqj^jhvi�hvi�5�ojqj^jhvi�hr7a5�ojqj^jh�2vh�2v5�ojqj^jhr7ahr7a5�ojqj^jh�"�h)w�5�ojqj^jhr7a5�ojqj^jo(h)w�5�ojqjo(hvi�h)w�ojqj^jo(h�obh�obojqj^jh}onh)w�ojqj^jo(h$?�h)w�5�ojqj^jhvi�h)w�5�ojqj^jo(�'�'�' - -----------��������������gd�gd)w�gdr7a------�����h)w�5�ojqjo(h�ojh�ou01�82p��. ��a!�"�#��$��%��s�� ��s2���� 0@p`p������2(�� 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p��8x�v~�������� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@pj_hmh nhsh thj`��j ck�e $1$a$ cjkh_hajmh nhsh th$a ���$ ؞���k=�w[sobi���b nf�h�&��ŝ�]�6��ҩ��n=���in����a7���qb&>!"�h [�� �lx�z)��w�v�og�%�ţ|8mă#�/��8��'��=���q�u*��c�`c�w{�d6��/�[��yl���%�� ��n� {�\�o�sm�/�~��i�bcax���/=x e��'5��&\�h�4da���,ye\}�)�l�a�����r�^��*�z���y�v-wowz�n�]��:m�v�=t�c���w��r�b���*i�v�u�r��u����|�nc`�|����*^����pk! ѐ��'theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.rels��m �0���wooӻ�&݈э���5 6?$q�� �,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@rn��;d�`��o7�g�k(m&$r(.1�r'j��њt���8��v�"��aȼ�h�u}��|�$�b{��p����8�g/]�qasم(����#��l�[������pk-!����[content_types].xmlpk-!�֧��6 0_rels/.relspk-!ky���theme/theme/thememanager.xmlpk-!���f���theme/theme/theme1.xmlpk-! ѐ��'� theme/theme/_rels/thememanager.xml.relspk]� %>���� ��/>"--�'-�@� @���������h ��0�( � ����0�( � ��b �s ���� ?���o���$ =bks`g/0&��#���� %%%%%%%%%: %%:= %%%%%%%%%$&./158:==g����vwwa����gr� � � � 6 @ i t #%%/������������>i���������� %%��q04e��n[g],-�o�����`<|��o";0ri1�%�rrsui��w�i�[�= {u�,� uz*�m� �r=��-9h�s��eme�.~�� {r�v �4�1l2q �"�i aha��og>�u��`�1_�s�!~�%v��nh{��q��u�3�d]-�z:kkkkn;�q0�<�?*� 7��:a��^b� �l{��2h�(�#!�q��m4-cqrrs�4>�p]�sao-�?��yn�b~i�(��)ib��>!]�.�` rv:g&>!��}n!�l��2�"�0r��\�|�md-%;�blrbr]�a 6ji� ��vj�`�[jo 5j90�ry �:[� k 3q-r�jx 8i� tp� k�|�2~� ��y��k� ?i��� * �? 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