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village, business improvement districts (hereafter bids) have become commonplace urban revitalisation strategies in cities across the world. many critical urban scholars have conceptualised bids as neoliberal organisations and have resultantly critiqued their role in contemporary urban governance. with bids now existing for over 50 years, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overdue reappraisal of the bid research and orient future scholarship. after describing key debates from early bid research, this paper analyses two distinct themes in more recent scholarship: (1) bid policy mobility, and (2) bids and social regulation. as the bid model has been transferred to new locations across both the global north and south, its rapid mobility demonstrates the permeability, resilience and limits of neoliberal urban policies. moreover, bids� social control tactics highlight how these organisations are shaped by a neoliberal logic that seeks to manage and control urban spaces in ways that attract desirable consumers and exclude the visible poor. this paper outlines the origins of both bodies of work and traces common patterns and variances over time. it concludes by highlighting gaps in the existing literature and offers suggestions for future work. 2. title: seeing the street through instagram. digital platforms and the amplification of gentrification authors: irene bronsvoort, justus l uitermark abstract: as digital platforms are woven into urban life, they become an intrinsic part of the urban experience. here we examine how representations on digital platforms reflect and shape urban change. which groups produce and share these representations? what places do they picture? what are their aesthetic registers and norms? and what are the material consequences of these representations? elaborating on the concept of �discursive investing� introduced by zukin et al., we address these questions in a case study of javastraat, a shopping street in a gentrifying neighbourhood in amsterdam east. on the basis of an analysis of instagram posts, street observations and interviews, we show that gentrifiers use social media to express their identity status, often creating posts that serve as advertisements for hip and high-class establishments. meanwhile, other establishments are largely absent from digital platforms, with the notable exception of a number of shops that changed their aesthetics to appeal to gentrifiers. we further show that these uneven representations have material consequences, changing the aesthetics and composition of the shopping street. 3. title: the imaginary of a modern city: post-politics and myanmar�s urban development authors: tamas wells, vanessa lamb abstract: theories of �post-politics� provide a lens through which to analyse contemporary urban development. yet empirical studies examining this �age of post-politics� are few, especially outside of europe and north america. this article examines the promise and limits of notions of post-politics through the case of planning for new yangon city, a multi-billion dollar urban development in myanmar (burma). while the 2021 military coup has now made the future of the project uncertain, our research conducted in 2019 revealed similar dynamics at play to those described more broadly in the literature on post-politics. we highlight familiar processes of delegation of decision-making, a proliferation of governance actors and an individualisation of policy issues. what is distinctive in myanmar is the way a coalition of elite decision-makers have diluted and defused policy disagreements through the construction of a utopian vision of a modern international city. we see this imaginary of the modern city as a tactic to support the broader efforts of depoliticisation. this diverges from arguments that the imagination of social change is curtailed through the pragmatic post-political notion that �there is no alternative�. instead, in the context of new yangon city, utopian vision is integral to depoliticisation and limiting dissent. we conclude that attention to processes of depoliticisation is crucial in relation to mega project planning in asia, and that a productive way forward for studies of urban development is not wholesale acceptance or dismissal of the notion of post-politics, but robust engagement with its critiques and promise. 4. title: making mangaung metro: the politics of metropolitan reform in a south african secondary city authors: nidhi subramanyam, lochner marais abstract: metropolitan reforms, which include the creation of unified metropolitan governments through municipal mergers and reclassification, are emerging as one strategy to address planning and service delivery challenges in the wake of increasing urbanisation across sub-saharan africa. although metropolitanisation adds service area and mandates, well-functioning secondary cities that are part of a two-tier governance system in south africa are pursuing metropolitanisation. the case of mangaung, an early instance of secondary city metropolitanisation, is an opportunity to examine the motivations underlying these reforms, the politics involved and their impacts on urban governance. mangaung�s political and administrative leadership pursued metropolitanisation to jump scale, attain greater political autonomy vis-�-vis other tiers of government, and obtain fiscal and technical resources available only to metropolitan municipalities in south africa�s urban municipal hierarchy. metropolitanisation was no panacea for mangaung�s governance challenges, however, since it did not resolve the underlying weaknesses in municipal capacity or the regional economy, nor did it address the spatial legacies of apartheid that produced a sprawling metropolitan service area. as other south african secondary cities contemplate metropolitanisation, we recommend revising municipal structures and mandates and strengthening administrative capacities and economies in secondary cities. 5. title: residential segregation and public services in urban india authors: naveen bharathi, deepak malghan, sumit mishra, andaleeb rahman abstract: urban india is characterised by a high degree of intra-city spatial inequality in the availability of public services like piped water and sewerage. we unpack the political channels that link residential segregation with access to public services. �micro-segregation�, or neighbourhood residential sorting within a ward (the elementary administrative and political unit in urban india), enables segregated neighbourhoods to better organise and petition public services. political competition further amplifies these demands from segregated neighbourhoods. the state�s response to such demand is, however, modulated by both in-group favouritism and outgroup discrimination. states� ability to indulge in such favouritism and discrimination is in turn contingent on how the caste composition of a ward is different from that of the city as a whole ��macro-segregation�. we combine large-scale quantitative analysis using neighbourhood-level national census data for all towns in india with at least 0.3 million residents, and multi-year qualitative fieldwork in bengaluru, a metropolis of over 10 million residents, to delineate the interactions between these demand-side and supply-side channels. while macro-segregation is negatively associated with piped water and sewerage, micro-segregation has a positive association. 6. title: institutionalising city networking: discursive and rational choice institutional perspectives on membership of transnational municipal networks authors: solveig gr�nnestad, anne bach nielsen abstract: this article analyses participants� reasoning for their city�s membership in transnational municipal networks and the extent to which this changes over time. theoretically, we build on new-institutional theory and conclude that although parts of the members� reasoning have rational components, a discursive institutional perspective improves the understanding of cities� membership of transnational municipal networks. this perspective uncovers how important aspects of transnational municipal network participation are motivated by a different logic than that of measurable output. cities use transnational municipal networks as sources of internal and external legitimacy, to legitimatise their position in domestic politics and their international position among other �global� cities. 7. title: the ethical underpinnings of smart city governance: decision-making in the smart cambridge programme, uk authors: richmond juvenile ehwi, hannah holmes, sabina maslova, gemma burgess abstract: as smart cities have become more widespread, so too have concerns about their associated ethical issues. however, ethical debates in the current smart city literature have tended to focus on issues related to the collection, processing, usage, storage and sharing of data. this paper argues that ethical debates should be extended to capture crucial decisions taken as part of smart city governance, and the ethical references which underpin them. using the smart cambridge programme as a case study, this paper draws empirical data from interviews with experts and actors involved in the programme, and highlights the ethical nature of decisions taken in key aspects of smart city governance. the paper reveals that city officials and programme managers demonstrate acute consciousness of legal regulations, which they employ in decision-making, and are less cognisant of governance principles based on norms and values which are also drawn upon. this paper argues that there is nonetheless ethical content which can be traced in decision-making, regardless of whether ethical concerns are explicitly recognised as such. 8. title: ethno-religious neighbourhood infrastructures and the life satisfaction of immigrants and their descendants in germany authors: jonas wiedner, merlin schaeffer, sarah carol abstract: urban research assigns immigrant enclaves an ambiguous role. while such areas are seen as rich in beneficial ethno-religious infrastructures and networks, they also tend to be located in deprived and stigmatised inner-city neighbourhoods. research on neighbourhood attainment provides evidence for both, a desire to attain mainstream middle-class neighbourhoods, which grows the more immigrants and their descendants establish themselves in society, but also a continuing attraction of residing close to co-ethnics. to tease apart this ambiguity, we study how the life satisfaction of immigrants and their descendants depends on the characteristics of the neighbourhood they live in, and pay special attention to heterogeneity along generation, country of origin orientation and income. we use classic measures of neighbourhood quality vis-�-vis newly collected data on the spatial density of ethno-religious minority associations, places of worship and grocers. we link these data to the geocoded german socio-economic panel to predict life satisfaction among immigrants and their descendants. to strengthen a causal interpretation of our results, we employ specifications that address self-selection into neighbourhoods and unobserved confounding. contra the assumptions of standard assimilation models, we document that ethno-religious infrastructures contribute to increased life satisfaction primarily among the second generation, and there especially among sending-country oriented individuals. this suggests a continuing importance of origin-culture infrastructures for some groups. furthermore, we find little evidence that overall neighbourhood quality, or the mere share of co-ethnics in a neighbourhood, increases life satisfaction either among immigrants or their descendants. 9. title: the academic effects of chronic exposure to neighbourhood violence authors: amy ellen schwartz, agustina laurito, johanna lacoe, patrick sharkey, ingrid gould ellen abstract: this paper estimates the causal effect of repeated exposure to violent crime on test scores in new york city. we use two empirical strategies; value-added models linking student performance on standardised exams to violent crimes on students� residential block, and a regression discontinuity approach that identifies the acute effect of additional crime exposure within a one-week window. exposure to violent crime reduces academic performance. value-added models suggest the average effect is very small (approximately "0.01 standard deviations) but grows with repeated exposure. regression discontinuity (rd) models also find a larger effect among children previously exposed. the marginal acute effect is as large as "0.04 standard deviations for students with two or more prior exposures. among these, it is almost one tenth of a standard deviation for black students. we provide credible causal evidence that repeated exposure to neighbourhood violence harms test scores, and this negative effect increases with exposure. �n n/ffnċ� 10. title: how green became good: urbanized nature and the making of cities and citizens authors: taylor harris braswell abstract: the article reviews the book �how green became good: urbanized nature and the making of cities and citizens� by hillary angelo. 11. title: transnational architecture and urbanism: rethinking how contemporary cities plan, transform and learn authors: federico camerin abstract: the article reviews the book �transnational architecture and urbanism: rethinking how cities plan, transform, and learn� by davide ponzini. 12. title: diverging space for deviants: the politics of a  !#$ .0124=���̽�̬�̽��}iaqa1hv}zh�'5�ojqj^jajhv}zhu<�5�ojqj^jajhv}zh�ud5�ojqj^jajh�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h�n�5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jaj h�'5�cjojqj^jajo( h��5�cjojqj^jajo(h�'5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajh�'5�cjojqj^jaj#h�'h�'5�cjojqj^jaj123��  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north america and europe authors: estelle broyer abstract: the article reviews the book �the green city and social injustice: 21 tales from north america and europe� by isabelle anguelovski and james j. t. connolly. 15. title: stitching the 24-hour city: life, labor, and the problem of speed in seoul authors: laam hae abstract: the article reviews the book �stitching the 24-hour city: life, labor, and the problem of speed in seoul kindle edition� by seo young park.     �y�yz zz#z$z�z�z�z�z�z�z�z[![)[*[3[4[r[�[�[�[�[�[�[�[�[�[�[����������υ�߂߂���s�s�hzrnrnh�pbjh�pbuhj<hj<5�ojqjo(h��5�ojqjo(hv}zh��ojqj^jajhv}zh �5�ojqj^jajhv}zh �ojqj^jajhv}zh�s�5�ojqj^jajhv}zh�fojqj^jajhv}zh)w�ojqj^jajhv}zh)w�5�ojqj^jajhv}zh�f5�ojqj^jajhv}zhmw�5�ojqj^jaj�[�[�[�[�[�[�����hj<hj<5�ojqjo(h�pbjh�pbu�[�[�[�[�[����gd)w�gd�01�82p��. ��a!�"�#��$��%��s�� ������i���[�cs2���� 0@p`p������2(�� 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p������ 0@p`p��8x�v~�������� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 0@�� 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