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��ࡱ�>�� u �r�� bjbj�n�n2��a��a|� ��""��8��4�sl��9r;r;r;r;r;r;r$zt�0wf_ri�_r��4�r��v��9r�9r��`��d�%r�r0s�vw�:vw��/vw�9o��_r_r1rs��vw"qs: world development volume 157, issue 9, september 2022 1. title: prisoners of a distant past? linguistic diversity and the time-depth of human settlement in papua new guinea authors: jon fraenkel, colin filer abstract: papua new guinea (png) is the most linguistically diverse nation on the planet, but also one of the world�s least developed countries. what accounts for that heterogeneity? can this explain weak development outcomes, or do other factors � such as geographical constraints or historical legacies � play the more significant role? for this paper, we assembled a unique database showing the extent of linguistic diversity in png�s 85 rural districts in order to investigate its impact on human development (measured using child mortality and school attendance). we find some evidence of a relationship between linguistic diversity and development, but a careful reading of png�s history suggests that it would be mistaken to interpret this as evidence of heterogeneity impeding development. whereas some economists see linguistic diversity as having a linear relationship with the time-distance since human settlement, we argue that shifting crop cultivation technologies, warfare, disease and environmental convulsions � in tandem with time-depth � offer the better explanation. we also test and reject the fashionable hypothesis that �pre-colonial hierarchy� has a strong and enduring influence over contemporary development outcomes. 2. title: imf fairness: calibrating the policies of the international monetary fund based on distributive justice authors: adel daoud, anders herlitz, s.v. subramanian abstract: the international monetary fund (imf) provides financial assistance to its member countries in economic difficulties but at the same time requires these countries to reform public policies. in several contexts, these reforms have been at odds with population health and material living standards. while researchers have empirically analyzed the consequences of imf reforms on health, no analysis has yet identified under what conditions tradeoffs between consequences for populations and economic outcomes would be fair and acceptable. our article analyzes and identifies five principles to govern such tradeoffs and thus define imf fairness. the article first reviews existing policy-evaluation studies, which on balance show that imf policies, in their pursuit of macroeconomic improvement, frequently produce adverse effects on children�s health and material living standards. secondly, the article discusses four theories from distributive ethics�maximization, egalitarianism, prioritarianism, and sufficientarianism�to identify which is most compatible with the imf�s core mission of improving macroeconomic conditions, while at the same time balancing the consequences for population outcomes. using a distributive justice analysis of imf policies, we argue that sufficientarianism constitutes the most compatible theory. thirdly, the article formalizes imf fairness in the language of causal inference. it also supplies a framework for empirically measuring the extent to which imf policies fulfill the criteria of imf fairness, using observational data. 3. title: the shadow of the epidemic: long-term impacts of meningitis exposure on risk preference and behaviors authors: guanfu fang, wei li, ying zhu abstract: this study investigates the long-term effects of exposure to infectious disease on individuals� risk preference and behaviors. using nationally representative datasets in china, we adopt a difference-in-differences strategy to evaluate the long-term impacts of exposure to china�s 1967 meningitis epidemic. we find that intense exposure to the meningitis epidemic during childhood led to increased risk aversion. in addition, we show that exposure to the meningitis epidemic decreased risky behaviors, including financial investment, credit card usage, entrepreneurship, and migration. our study may have broad implications for economic�epidemic modeling and post-epidemic assistance programs. 4. title: autocracy and human capital authors: eric c.c. chang, wen-chin wu abstract: this paper examines the logic of human capital formation in authoritarian regimes based on theories of inequality and regime transition and the prospect of upward mobility model. our central argument is that by investing in human capital, dictators can boost citizens� perceived levels of social mobility. consequently, dictators can preemptively ameliorate the pressure for redistribution from the poor and neutralize threats from the masses. in other words, dictators invest in human capital as a way of increasing citizens� perceived social mobility and thus sustaining political stability in their authoritarian regimes. our cross-national analysis covers more than 80 authoritarian regimes from 1970 to 2010 and shows that higher levels of education spending are associated with a lower probability of regime breakdown in autocracies. we further use a causal mediation analysis with the asian barometer survey data and connect our causal link from human capital formation to perceived social mobility and then to authoritarian regime support. 5. title: murder nature: weather and violent crime in rural brazil authors: phoebe w. ishak abstract: this paper examines the effect of weather shocks on violent crime using disaggregated data from brazilian municipalities over the period 1991�2015. employing a distributed lag model that takes into account temporal correlations of weather shocks and spatial correlation of crime rates, i document that adverse weather shocks in the form of droughts lead to a significant increase in violent crime in rural regions. this effect appears to persist beyond the growing season and over the medium run in contrast to the conventional view perceiving weather effects as transitory. to explain this persistence, i show that weather fluctuations are positively associated not only with agriculture yields, but also with the overall economic activity. moreover, evidence shows the dominance of opportunity cost mechanism reflected in the fluctuations of the earnings especially for the agriculture and unskilled workers, giving credence that it is indeed the income that matters and not the general socio-economic conditions. other factors such as local government budget capacity, (un)-employment, poverty, inequality, and psychological factors do not seem to explain violent crime rates. 6. title: satisfaction with water services delivery in south africa: the effects of social comparison authors: nouran zenelabden, johane dikgang abstract: this paper investigates the role of social comparisons in determining the satisfaction of south african households with municipal water service delivery. we use a unique balanced-panel dataset from 2015 to 2017 with national coverage, from statistics south africa general household surveys. our results show that social comparison significantly affect household satisfaction with water service delivery. moreover, we find evidence of both downward and upward comparison, with the latter having the strongest effect. hence, we find indication of both altruism or risk sharing and information signalling between closer neighbours. we conclude that, since satisfaction with water service delivery seems to be strongly influenced by psychological and behavioural factors such as social comparison, satisfaction surveys serve a limited purpose as a foundation for public policy, because satisfaction is determined in part by factors that are unrelated to the actual service experienced by households. our empirical evidence confirms this line of reasoning. the findings are robust for variety of reference groups. 7. title: why new zealand s indigenous reconciliation process has failed to empower mori fishers: distributional, procedural, and recognition-based injustices authors: hekia bodwitch, andrew m. song, owen temby, john reid, ... gordon m. hickey abstract: how is it that the new zealand government s process for re-establishing indigenous fishing rights has failed to deliver thriving mori fisheries? this paper examines why, at te waihora, a coastal lake, and site of one of the nation s longest running and best-funded state-mori co-governance agreements, mori fishers have been unable to use their rights to support their fishery. as of 2018, the lake s culturally and ecologically significant eel population was no longer commercially viable, a decline fishers have attributed to rampant dairy industry expansion upstream. drawing on environmental justice literatures, we deploy a multi-dimensional framework to identify factors shaping possibilities for justice in the wake of rights reconciliation, as experienced by mori fishers, scientists, and leaders. we engage theories of political economic relations to interpret the implications of these experiences for environmental justice theory and politics. ethnographic accounts demonstrate that the new zealand government s process for re-establishing mori rights falls short of achieving distributional, procedural, and recognition-based dimensions of environmental justice, and that these effects are interlinked. in particular: (i) downstream fishers are placed to bear disproportionate costs of runoff from upstream land use change; (ii) mori fishers have little influence over governance decisions that affect land use; and (iii) government claims, including that mori should, �move beyond grievance mode,� obscure logics for resistance. we suggest that the government�s support for dairy industry expansion represents an attempt to mitigate crises of overaccumulation, characteristic of competitive markets. unlike those who identify persistent injustice as a logic for turning away from the state, we argue that the recurring nature of these crises, and the role state organizations play in directing responses, indicates a rationale for continued engagement with state governing bodies to advance justice. 8. title: on the association between housing deprivation and urban size: evidence from south asia authors: mois�s obaco, nicola pontarollo, rodrigo mendieta mu�oz, juan pablo d�az-s�nchez abstract: housing is a basic human need; however, in recent decades slums have become the face of urbanization in developing economies. urbanization drives economic growth, playing an important role in providing adequate housing and reducing poverty. in this paper, we investigate the association between housing deprivation and the urban size at a regional level for south asian countries in the year 2015. we use two main sources of data. the first is the demographic and health surveys (dhs), which provide microdata that allows us to build housing deprivation indexes based on the material characteristics of households and housing assets. the second source is satellite imagery, used to define urban cores and measure the urban size of each region. then, we use a two-step procedure to identify the relationship between the urban size and housing deprivation. our results indicate that age and higher levels of education (of the head of household) are negatively associated with our housing deprivation indexes in south asian households. furthermore, a greater number of children in south asian households is related to higher levels of housing deprivation. in the second step, we show that there is a significant negative association between material housing deprivation and the urban size at a regional level for our full sample and for the majority of countries taken individually. an important exception is india, where an inverted-u-shaped relationship between deprivation and urban size is found. this result is robust even when an iv approach is used. 9. title: climate change, natural disasters, and institutional integrity authors: ritika khurana, douglas mugabe, xiaoli l. etienne abstract: we empirically investigate the effect of climate-induced natural disasters on the quality of institutions in 92 countries using data from 1984 to 2016. an instrumental variable approach is used to account for the reverse causality from the number of people affected by natural disasters to the quality of institutions. we then employ the hausman taylor approach to account for the bias in estimating panels with endogenous variables. estimation results reveal a negative impact of natural disasters on the quality of national institutions. furthermore, disasters negatively affect the quality of institutions in low-income, non-developed countries, whereas the effect is non-significant for high-income and developed nations. at the regional level, institutions in east asia, pacific, and south asia, sub-saharan africa, eastern europe and central asia, and latin america and the caribbean tend to deteriorate after natural disasters. in contrast, natural disasters in the middle east and north africa are often followed by improved institutions. of the 12 components of the institutional integrity index, metrics mostly affected by disasters include government stability, internal conflicts, law and order, ethnic fragmentation, and democratic accountability. our results suggest that disaster risk reduction policies and international assistance programs to help climate change adaptation in various economies need a combined �top-down� and �bottom-up� approach. additionally, institutional strengthening should be an integral component of disaster preparedness and adaptation efforts. 10. title: impact of natural disasters on the income distribution authors: regina pleninger abstract: during the last decades, the united states experienced an increase in the number of natural disasters and their destructive capability. several studies suggest a damaging effect of natural disasters on income. in this paper, i estimate the effects of natural disasters on the entire income distribution using county-level data in the united states. in particular, i determine the income fractions that are affected by natural disasters. the results suggest that in the short-term natural disasters primarily affect middle incomes, thereby leaving income inequality levels unchanged. in addition, the paper examines potential channels that intensify or mitigate the effects, such as unemployment insurance or disaster severity. the findings show that unemployment benefits are an important adaptation tool that reduces the effects of natural disasters. in contrast, the occurrence of multiple and severe disasters aggravate the effects. finally, the analysis detects heterogeneous effects on incomes by disaster type. 11. title: it�s all about politics: migration and resource conflicts in the global south authors: charlotte wiederkehr, tobias ide, ralf seppelt, kathleen hermans abstract: both researchers and policy makers have repeatedly expressed concerns that migration will enhance conflicts regarding renewable resources in destination areas. this concept is fuelled by projections of large future migration flows within the global south, resulting from armed conflict, global environmental change, and persistent economic inequalities. however, as of yet, there is no conclusive empirical evidence of a nexus between migration, resource competition, and conflict at an aggregate level. case studies draw contradicting conclusions, and cross-case research on the topic remains scarce. here, we combine comprehensive qualitative and quantitative data from 20 cases in rural asia, latin america and sub-saharan africa. based on these cases, we investigate why certain areas hosting migrants have resource-related conflicts, while others do not. using qualitative comparative analysis (qca), we evaluate and elucidate two combinations of conditions under which resource conflict involving migrants in destination areas occurs: (1) high reliance on natural resources and negative othering of migrants in terms of resource use, and (2) government policies supporting parts of the migrant group coupled with limited resource use possibilities due to conservation efforts or industrial activities. by underlining the crucial role of grievances related to perceived unfair resource access and the strong influence of government actions on local migrant-host dynamics, we challenge deterministic narratives of migration, resource scarcity and conflict. 12. title: the fiscal cost of conflict: evidence from afghanistan 2005�2017 authors: philip barrett abstract: i use a novel monthly panel of provincially-collected central government revenues and conflict fatalities to estimate government revenues lost due to conflict in afghanistan since 2005. headline estimates are large, implying total revenue losses of $3bn since 2005 and that gains from peace would have been about 6 percent of gdp per year. that this is larger than estimates in cross-country studies reflects the uncommon intensity of the conflict in afghanistan. the key challenge to identification is omitted variable bias, which i address by extending powell�s (2021) generalized synthetic control method to a dynamic setting. this allows estimation of impulse response functions robust to a broad class of omitted variables bias. 13. title: institutional determinants of large land-based investments� performance in zambia: does title enhance productivity and structural transformation? authors: daniel ayalew ali, klaus deininger abstract: the importance of well-functioning land markets for structural transformation via labor movements to the non-agricultural sector, farm size growth, and the ability to use land as collateral for credit has long motivated government efforts at reducing the transaction costs of registering and transferring land but evidence on the effect of such measures for large farms is scant. we explore the impact of land titling on productivity for a representative sample of 3,000 large farms in zambia, one of the earliest african adopters of such policies to close this gap. ward fixed effects and instrumental-variable (iv) regressions suggest that title has little or no effect on productivity, investment, or credit access and reduces rather than improves rental market participation. this points towards quality and cost of land services as an under-researched barrier to structural transformation. improving transparency, document quality, and reducing cost via exclusive use of digital registries and streamlined workflows and fee reductions will be essential to address this. a land tax on state land may further help incentivize productive rather than speculative land use; allow cancelation of outdated legacy documents; and via revenue-sharing, involve local authorities in record maintenance and land management. 14. title: the politics of coproduction during latin america�s �pink tide�: water, housing, and waste in comparative perspective authors: geoff goodwin, patrick o'hare, miranda sheild johansson, jonathan alderman abstract: coproduction brings together a diverse range of state and non-state actors to create and deliver public services. these processes, which occur across the global south, have been widely studied. however, insufficient critical attention has been paid to their politics. we address this gap in the literature by analysing the politics of coproduction in latin america during the �pink tide� of the early twenty-first century. drawing on original qualitative research, this article explores the coproduction of three distinct public services�water, housing, and waste�in three countries where left-leaning presidents and governments were elected into office�ecuador, bolivia, and uruguay. we argue that coproduction is intrinsically political in these three cases; that is, the �political� is internal to, and inherent in, coproduction. our comparative analysis centres on two political dimensions�subject-making and collective autonomy�and shows that tensions around these two issues were central to coproduction in ecuador, bolivia, and uruguay . the article demonstrates the importance of not treating politics as a mere contextual concern in coproduction analysis and shows that coproduction has the capacity to reshape political relationships and subjectivities. taking politics into account is essential to understanding the dynamics and potential of coproduction in the global south. our comparative analysis also provides new insights into latin american politics, especially concerning 'pink tide' governments and the provisioning of public services. 15. title: do remittances reshape household expenditures? evidence from nepal authors: khushbu mishra, olga kondratjeva, gerald e. shively abstract: lack of economic opportunities in their local communities push many individuals to migrate and send remittances to their families. remittances can potentially influence household spending in sizeable ways, making it an important source of income. this article investigates the impact of remittances on various categories of household expenditure, including those for food, alcohol and tobacco, clothing, ceremonies, healthcare, education, home improvement, agriculture, and livestock. using data from 5,987 households observed in the 2010/11 nepal living standards survey and applying an instrumental variable approach, we show that remittances are positively associated with expenditures on food and education. in contrast, we find a negative association between remittances and expenditures on alcohol and tobacco. we further disaggregate our analysis to investigate any differential impact of remittances by gender of the household head and find qualitatively similar results across both genders, suggesting that both male- and female-headed households generally tend to spend remittances in similar ways. findings regarding household food consumption and education expenditures are generally consistent with previous research on remittances in nepal, but expand our understanding by examining the impacts of remittances on expenditures on tobacco and alcohol, ceremony, agriculture, and livestock purchases. through increased consumption of food and greater expenditures on education, remittances have implications for long-term investments in human capital, which can, in turn, increase labor productivity, wage earnings, and overall economic development. 16. title: an exploration of the association between fuel subsidies and fuel riots authors: neil mcculloch, davide natalini, naomi hossain, patricia justino abstract: between 2005 and 2018, 41 countries had at least one riot directly associated with popular demand for fuel. we make use of a new international dataset on fuel riots to explore the effects of fuel prices and price regimes on fuel riots. in line with prior expectations, we find that large domestic fuel price shocks - often linked to international price shocks - are a key driver of riots. in addition, we report a novel result: fuel riots are closely associated with domestic price regimes. countries that maintain fixed price regimes - notably net energy exporters - tend to have large fuel subsidies. when such subsidies become unsustainable, domestic price adjustments are large, often leading to riots. 17. title: local governance quality and law compliance: the case of mozambican firms authors: hanna berkel, christian estmann, john rand abstract: in sub-saharan africa, many micro and small enterprises do not (or at least only partially) comply with official rules and regulations. given that low compliance rates impede economic growth and human development, it is essential to identify mechanisms that can help improve abidance with laws. this paper investigates how the quality of governance (defined as comprising three dimensions: transparency, legal security and infrastructure quality) is related to firm-level compliance with business laws and regulations in the case of mozambique. we utilise firms� subjective perceptions of governance quality and their self-reported law compliance over time to study the governance�compliance nexus, taking into account unobserved firm-level heterogeneity. furthermore, we examine whether political legitimacy acts as a mediator or a moderator between governance and compliance. our results suggest that perceived improvements in transparency positively affect firms� compliance with existing legislation. requests from provincial government officials for firms to comment on local regulations seem to be especially important for law abidance. we find that legitimacy is independently associated with compliance, but does not seem to mediate or moderate the quality of governance. overall, our results suggest that, even in one of the least developed and non-democratic parts of the world, active participation in political processes is positively associated with law compliance. 18. title: contentious environmental governance in polluted gold mining geographies: the case of la toma, colombia authors: irene v�lez-torres, diana vanegas abstract: amid the expansion of the gold mining frontier in latin america over the last three decades, competing property schemes and divergent visions over resource-rich territories have upscaled water and environmental conflicts. in the expansion of the gold mining frontier, mercury contamination from artisanal and small-scale gold mining has called the attention of governments, international agencies and scholars across disciplines, who have ranked colombia as the world�s highest per capita mercury polluter. despite the efforts by diverse parties to reduce mercury emissions and reach long-standing comprehensive policies to tackle the harming consequences of pollution, there are still significant gaps in understanding the disputed environmental governance of gold mining geographies. by examining the case of la toma in colombia, this article highlights some lessons to be learned from transdisciplinary research on mining conflicts and mercury contamination over the last decade. we discuss pathways and schemes of state-led corporate dispossession, probe incomplete and selective governmental research and control of mercury contamination, and illustrate the on-going intracommunal challenges faced by traditional miners to ban mercury use in small-scale gold mining operations. we argue that mercury pollution is a political phenomenon that needs to be critically addressed from the entanglement of colonial trajectories of oppression and marginalization to ethnic communities, and the structural violence and environmental racism that capitalist extractivism wreaks in rural commodity frontiers. 19. title: the dynamics of income inequality in africa: an empirical investigation on the role of macroeconomic and institutional forces authors: michael e. batuo, george kararach, issam malki abstract: reducing income inequality is a crucial goal of sustainable development as income inequality often viewed as harmful to economic growth. the main aim of this paper was to empirically assess the macroeconomic and institutional drivers of income inequality in africa. we use a kuznets curve framework, which emphasises the role of income per capita in explaining the time path of inequality. in contrast to much of the literature, we explicitly examine the possibility of the existence of multiple income steady states. using the concept of clubs of convergence, we show that per capita income is divergent and identify four steady states to which groups of economies converge (i.e., high-income to low-income economies). using panel data models and a data set encompassing 52 african countries spanning the years 1980�2017, we show that once these multiple steady states are accounted for, the kuznets curve relationship becomes unstable. our findings suggest that inequality may be increasing in high-income countries in africa, while decreasing in low-income or the least developed economies. in addition, the role of macroeconomic and institutional factors in explaining income inequality is limited and differ across convergence clubs. evidence suggests the importance of fiscal, employment and monetary policies and the rule of law to tackle inequality in high-income economies, while they have no statistically significant role in low-income economies� income inequality. 20. title: establishing the link between internal and international migration: evidence from sub-saharan africa authors: marinella cirillo, andrea cattaneo, meghan miller, ahmad sadiddin abstract: internal and international migration are often thought of as separate processes, rarely analysed together in a coherent framework. this paper examines, based on data for 21 sub-saharan african countries, how previous internal migration can shape international migration intentions � i.e. desiring and planning to move abroad. we find that individuals who migrated to urban areas are on average the most likely to develop international migration intentions, followed by those who migrated to rural areas, those who live in urban areas and have not moved internally, and lastly come rural residents who have not moved internally. this highlights the role of migration to urban areas as a potential driver of international emigration. the findings support our conceptual framework, which hypothesizes internal migrants have lower international migration costs, both monetary and non-monetary, and accumulate resources and experience that help overcome constraints related to international migration. internal migration is also found to have a stronger association with desire to migrate abroad than with planning, indicating that weakening the attachment to place of origin may be the dominant mechanism linking internal and international migration processes. 21. title: development of agroforestry food resources in niger: are farmers� preferences context specific? authors: dolores ag�ndez, sitou lawali, ali mahamane, ricardo al�a, mario soli�o abstract: this study deals with key elements for a better understanding of the management approaches of agroforestry systems in niger. a contingent ranking was conducted to 399 nigerien farmers in three agroecological zones based on their different socio-economic and environmental conditions. results show that farmers are willing to improve their natural resources, taking actions to recover and conserve them. significant differences are found with respect to not only the various agroecological zones where farmers live but also the socio-economic factors of the population. the tamou municipality prefers to participate in an agri-environmental program based on the conservation of water thorough half-moons technique. farmers� preferences in the maradi region differ from those in the tillab�ri region; the former rely on managed natural regeneration while the latter on tree plantations. adansonia digitata and ziziphus mauritiana are the two-priority species to be regenerated by improved seeds. the farmers of agui�, madarounfa, and simiri would be willing to participate in actions scheduled for 9, 6 and 5 months, respectively. socio-economic factors such as the life strategy of each ethnic group, the role of men and women, the seasonal migration of young people, and the rights to the resources, influence both the period and duration of participation. the results of this study are valuable to design agroforestry policies that involve participation of small-scale farmers, relying on the dynamism of local communities. 22. title: �i will sample until things get better � or until i die.� potential and limits of citizen science to promote social accountability for environmental pollution authors: d�sir�e ruppen, fritz brugger abstract: mining can cause harm to both human health and ecosystems. regulators in low-income countries often struggle to enforce decent environmental standards due to financial, technical, and personal capacity constraints and political capture. in such settings, social accountability strategies are often promoted through which citizens attempt to hold governmental and private actors directly to account and demand better governance. however, social accountability initiatives are rarely effective. we demonstrate how political ecology analysis can inform social accountability theory and practice by identifying the power structures that define the potentials and limits of a social accountability strategy. we study the coal mining area of hwange in western zimbabwe, where mining not only supplies coal to power plants and factories of multinational companies but also pollutes the deka river. together with local community monitors, we implemented the first citizen science project conducted in zimbabwe and identified the sources and extent of the pollution. the scientific data strengthened the community monitors� advocacy for a cleaner environment and empowered them in their exchanges with the companies and the environmental regulator. however, only some of their demands have been met. the political ecology analysis, spanning from the local to transnational levels, reveals why local social accountability initiatives are insufficient to spring the low-accountability trap in a state captured by a politico-military elite, and why corporate governance regimes have not been successful either. we argue that pro-accountability networks are more effective when they include complementary players such as multinational enterprises, provided their responsible procurement approach moves from a corporate risk management to a developmental logic. 23. title: what does equitable distribution mean in community forests? authors: rachel s. friedman, kerrie a. wilson, jonathan r. rhodes, elizabeth a. law abstract: it is increasingly recognised that efforts in sustainable development dealing with natural resources management must account not only for their ecological effectiveness, but also whether they achieve this in a socially beneficial and just manner. studies on distributive social equity in sustainable natural resources management have often taken a limited view as to what is considered fair criteria and worthwhile metrics of distribution. community-based forest management is a particularly insightful case for social equity, as achieving fair or just outcomes is an implied or explicit objective of such programmes, and they are increasingly promoted in national and international policies. this study further develops our understanding of the choices around distributional equity, including critically considering what outcomes could be measured and how a �fair� distribution could be defined. we consider the implications of adhering to different distributional norms, illustrating the potential differences through an empirical case study of community-based forest management in indonesia. we expand the metrics under scrutiny to include non-monetary measures of subjective well-being, political engagement, community social capital, and core needs like material welfare and education, and examine the changes in levels and distribution of these variables. we compare the changes to what could theoretically be expected under egalitarian, pro-poor, or merit-based distributional norms. our results demonstrate how meeting equity objectives depends on what definition of a fair and just distribution is employed. some metrics, such as core well-being, show positive changes more consistently than others, like subjective well-being. studies on social equity (and critiques of them) therefore need to be cautious of the potential to cherry-pick results. using a range of carefully defined and justified metrics and distributional norms might illuminate not only how well programs achieve their objectives, but also how communities may differ in their perceptions and opinions on well-being and equity. 24. title: how are institutions included in integrated conservation and development projects? developing and testing a diagnostic approach on the world bank�s forest and community project in salta, argentina authors: louise marie busck-lumholt, esteve corbera, ole mertz abstract: the opportunities and challenges of ensuring participation and success of integrated conservation and development projects (icdps) have been fairly studied. however, it is not often well-established which institutional mechanisms explain the failure in meeting participatory and project goals. to fill this gap, we develop a telecoupling-inspired diagnostic approach to assess the level of institutional distance and opportunity for collective decision-making in icdps by looking at project information flows, project asset flows, and rules and regulation flows between project actors. we construct three management archetypes based on the direction and directness of such flows: decoupled management, telecoupled management and collaborative management. the archetypes are applied to a case study of a world bank-financed icdp in argentina, drawing on qualitative data collected from individual interviews with project actors. our findings challenge the notion that a project becomes participatory if the project design provides guidelines for participatory implementation. we find that our diagnostic approach helps to concretize the call for inclusion of local project actors across the project cycle, which is needed to make projects collaborative, relevant, and socially just. finally, we advocate future project assessments to build on this approach and map the practical institutional relationships between project actors to provide transparency on the de facto level of project collaboration. this article is relevant for both academics and practitioners designing and implementing conservation and development projects. 25. title: governing the diverse forest: polycentric climate governance in the amazon authors: fronika de wit, jo�o mourato abstract: the amazon is rapidly approaching its tipping point, which could turn a once enchanted tropical rainforest into a dry, carbon-emitting savannah. this will have catastrophic impacts well beyond the south-american continent and its inhabitants. the region is facing a nowadays familiar challenge of combating climate change and promoting social justice. international climate governance is proving ineffective, as it fails to incorporate the long term wellbeing of local communities. demands for justice have led to calls for more polycentric climate governance. this approach aims to provide a culture-specific and place-based approach to dealing with the possible consequences of climate change for social justice and sustainable livelihoods. this article examines the scope for introducing intercultural polycentric climate governance (ipcg) to the amazon. we select two examples of subnational climate governance and indigenous peoples� participation in the amazon as our case studies: the state of acre in brazil and the regional department of ucayali in peru. both are seen as pioneers of intercultural climate governance in their national contexts, and both have established indigenous working groups geared to promote the provision of intercultural fairness within their regional governance mechanisms. we conducted a qualitative content analysis, both of our interviews and relevant policy documents. our study highlights three challenges for successful ipcg: 1) overcoming intercultural injustices; 2) increasing meaningful participation; and 3) filling governance gaps. our findings reveal that there is still some way to go to meet these outcomes. bridging polycentricity and interculturality, diverse systems of knowledge and their adherents need to be better appreciated and incorporated as part of the process of reassessing the purpose of ipcg. only then, will we see the handling of the future of the enchanting amazon in a holistic way: so much more than mere carbon storage. 26. title: southern thought, islandness and real-existing degrowth in the mediterranean authors: giorgos kallis, angelos varvarousis, panos petridis abstract: in thinking about alternatives to growth-based development, we draw attention to mediterranean islands and the way they animate imaginaries and practices of a simple life. we follow franco cassano�s thesis of �southern thought� � a critique of western developmentalism, prioritizing instead values of slowness, moderation and conviviality. these values are central to what serge latouche and others call �degrowth�. drawing on fieldwork and ethnography from ikaria and gavdos, two remote islands in the greek archipelago, we show how southern thought, and forms of real-existing degrowth develop in relation to �islandness� � a physical and cultural condition specific to small islands. geography, historical contingency, and processes of myth-making combine to re-valorise what otherwise would be seen as �undeveloped� places, thereby generating space for real-existing degrowth. 27. title: beyond individualistic behaviour: social norms and innovation adoption in rural mozambique authors: luca crudeli, susanna mancinelli, massimiliano mazzanti, raul pitoro abstract: the adoption of new technologies by smallholder farmers to support economic and human development has received increased attention from scholars and development policymakers. this is particularly true for africa, given the importance of the agricultural sector for economic growth and poverty reduction. nevertheless, profitable innovations, such as improved seeds, fertilizers, and crop-protection chemicals, are not sufficiently adopted by farmers. this paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of this limited adoption by examining the drivers and obstacles to innovation by smallholder farmers in sub-saharan africa, with a special focus on cultural and behavioural aspects. the concepts of social norms and peer approval are considered in the farmers� decisions on innovation adoption. the focus is mainly on the social norm of being a �good farmer�, a distinction made amongst farming peers, based on the characteristics that are socially approved in the rural community. adherence to the social norm of being a good farmer is considered one of the main drivers of farmers� decisions, including innovation adoption. the study is based on a survey of 300 smallholder farmers in mozambique. the results of our study show that the social norm of being a good farmer differs from that mostly shared in developed countries mainly connected to maximizing farming production. what emerges from our investigation is a socially accepted idea of a good farmer being one who is extremely concerned about others in her or his community. the results of various quantitative analyses on the intensity and adoption of innovations show that this prosocial idea of the good farmer does not prevent farmers from adopting innovations and has a significant impact on the adoption of the most radical innovations. the present study reveals the need to contextualize the analysis of farmers� decisions in the cultural and social context in which they operate. 28. title: selective inclusion in cash transfer programs: unintended consequences for social cohesion authors: anne della guardia, milli lake, pascale schnitzer abstract: debates over universal versus selective or targeted provision of benefits in social protection programming have gained traction in recent years. in some cases, poverty targeting has been found to benefit communities, creating positive economic spillover effects even for non-recipients. however, targeted programs can also reconfigure social relations, carrying a social stigma that bifurcates communities. drawing from rich qualitative data from a cash transfer program in chad, we explore both the economic and social implications of targeting in cash transfer programs in contexts with widespread poverty. we find significant positive economic effects on non-beneficiaries. at the same time, not only does participation engender considerable social costs, but several punitive and economic costs arise for recipients as a result of their inclusion in the program, with repercussions for the transfer�s productivity. we conclude that in contexts where everyone is poor, targeting can create new fissures within a community, stemming from a combination of jealousy and skepticism with regard to the perceived deservingness of transfer recipients vis-�-vis other village inhabitants. when budgets are insufficient to cover all poor, the positive effects of cash transfer programs may be enhanced by reducing the geographic focus of social safety net programs to ensure all inhabitants can access benefits. 29. title: impacts of applying for international labor migration before migration occurs authors: yoshito takasaki abstract: the process of international labor migration is often initiated when potential migrant workers apply for jobs offered by recruitment agencies. this paper reports the first study on the consequences of this initial process of applying for labor migration, before migration occurs. in fiji, a private recruitment agency defrauded approximately 20,000 people of application fees for labor migration to the middle east. i conducted a rural household survey after people made application decisions and before they became aware of the fraud. i address the endogeneity of job application by using a fraud-specific factor��proximity to the fraudster��as an instrumental variable. households with a job applicant received less domestic transfers from other households. the reallocation of transfers was a result of the substitution for prospective but not realized international remittances. thus, the impacts of international labor migration and remittances extend beyond actual migration and remittances studied in the literature. 30. title: the implications of aggregate measures of exposure to violence for the estimated impacts on individual risk preferences authors: marc rockmore, christopher b. barrett abstract: a rapidly expanding literature causally links exposure to violence to changes in a variety of behavioral parameters. the estimated coefficients, however, vary greatly across studies in both magnitude and sign. using original panel data and disaggregated measures of exposure to plausibly exogenous violence in northern uganda, we investigate the effect of aggregating exposure to violence at the individual and geographical levels. we demonstrate that exposure to violence affects individual risk preferences in strikingly heterogeneous ways depending on the nature of the individual�s exposure. consequently, estimates based on aggregate measures � whether across types of violence within individuals or across individuals within a location � necessarily depend on the underlying distributions of exposure to violence. simple sampling differences can thereby generate the sort of variability of estimated effects that has been reported in the literature to date. 31. title: economic and social development along the urban�rural continuum: new opportunities to inform policy authors: andrea cattaneo, anjali adukia, david l. brown, luc christiaensen, ... daniel j. weiss abstract: the economic and social development of nations relies on their population having physical access to services and employment opportunities. for the vast majority of the 3.4 billion people living in rural areas, this largely depends on their access to urban centers of different sizes. similarly, urban centers depend on their rural hinterlands. building on the literature on functional areas/territories and the rural�urban continuum as well as insights from central place theory, this review article advances the notion of catchment areas differentiated along an urban-to-rural continuum to better capture these urban�rural interconnections. this article further shows how a new, publicly available dataset operationalizing this concept can shed new light on policymaking across a series of development fields, including institutions and governance, urbanization and food systems, welfare and poverty, access to health and education services, and environmental and natural resource management. together, the insights support a more geographically nuanced perspective on development. 32. title: transnational partnerships, domestic institutions, and sustainable development. the case of brazil and the amazon region protected areas program authors: $%'035679b��̽̽̽��vhzmhbz5ht45�ojqj^jo(hicy5�ojqj^jhj�5�ojqj^jo(h!�h!�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h�n�5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jajh!�5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajh!�5�cjojqj^jaj#h!�h!�5�cjojqj^jaj678�� !w{|�� bc��e!f!��gd�psgd)w�gd$?�gdto�gd�l$gd%j,gdu<�gd�"�$a$gdt4�� 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�,��@�a��#��gd!�gd�e=gd�^��%�&�/�0��u�v�_�`��󺬡��vh[m�?��hh�e=5�ojqj^jhh!�5�ojqj^jh!�h�e=ojqj^jhmw�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�r�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�5�ojqj^jo(h�e=5�ojqjo(h!�h�e=ojqj^jo(h!�h!�ojqj^jh$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jh$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h!�h!�5�ojqj^jh�e=5�ojqj^jo(�� h�i�r�� ,�-�/�1�7�8��ⱥ�ȫ��rgz��h��ȫ�ց�"h�r�h�e=5�ojqj\�^jajh�5�ojqj^jo(h!�5�ojqjo(h!�h�e=ojqj^jajh!�h!�ojqj^jh!�h�e=ojqj^jo(h$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jh$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h�r�h�e=5�ojqj^jh!�h!�5�ojqj^jh�e=5�ojqj^jo(h�z2h�e=5�ojqj^jh�"�h�e=5�ojqj^j��-�.�7�[�\�]�f�g�*� �,�.�0�6��|l��_pd��6h�z2h�e=5�ojqj^jh!�ojqj^jajh!�h!�ojqj^jajh!�h!�ojqj^jh$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h!�5�ojqj^jhmw�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�r�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h!�h!�5�ojqj^jh�e=5�ojqj^jo(h$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�"�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�5�ojqj^jo(h!�5�ojqjo(h�e=ojqj^jaj6�7��?�@�a�c�e�k�l��"#,-� ��微��zm_��m��k宠�u"h�r�h�e=5�ojqj\�^jajh�"�h�e=5�ojqj^jh�5�ojqj^jo(h�e=5�ojqjo(h!�h�e=ojqj^jo(h!�h!�ojqj^jh$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jh$?�h�e=5�ojqj^jo(h!�5�ojqj^jh�z2h�e=5�ojqj^jh�r�h�e=5�ojqj^jh!�h!�5�ojqj^jh�e=5�ojqj^jo(liliana b. andonova, dario piselli abstract: the article examines the role of institutions in mediating the interface between global challenges, transnational partnerships and the domestic politics of sustainable development. empirically it focuses on the amazon region protected areas (arpa) partnership, as a new type of governance that engages transnational and domestic actors in pursuing more sustainable management of land use, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in the brazilian amazon. drawing on extensive documentary analysis and field work, the study analyzes arpa's institutional and political effects in brazil. the case study reveals the materialization of a range of capacity-strengthening and environmental impacts, alongside with institutional and distributional effects. arpa has also built upon the infusion of significant domestic resources and relied on a conductive political environment and pre-existing initiatives. domestic institutions have thus been arbiters of 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