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volume 40, issue 3, summer 2021
1. title: to work for yourself, for others, or not at all? how disability benefits affect the employment decisions of older veterans
authors: courtney coile, mark duggan, audrey guo
abstract: the u.s. department of veterans affairs� disability compensation (dc) program provides disability benefits to nearly one in four u.s. military veterans and has annual expenditures of $77 billion. we examine how the receipt of dc benefits affects the employment decisions of vietnam-era veterans, making use of variation in eligibility resulting from a 2001 policy change that increased access to the program for veterans who served with �boots on the ground� in the vietnam theater but not for other veterans of that service era. we find that the policy-induced increase in program enrollment decreased labor force participation and induced a substantial switch from wage employment to self-employment. the latter finding suggests that an exogenous increase in income allowed some older veterans to realize an ambition to start their own business or to retire gradually through self-employment. we estimate that one in three veterans who entered the dc program due to this policy change left the labor force, estimates in the same range as those from recent studies of the social security disability insurance (ssdi) program, and that 30 percent of marginal recipients transitioned into self-employment.
2. title: positive health externalities of mandating paid sick leave
authors: stefan pichler, katherine wen, nicolas r. ziebarth
abstract: a growing economic literature studies the optimal design of social insurance systems and the empirical identification of welfare-relevant externalities. in this paper, we test whether mandating employee access to paid sick leave has reduced influenza-like-illness (ili) transmission rates as well as pneumonia and influenza (p&i) mortality rates in the united states. using uniquely compiled data from administrative sources at the state-week level from 2010 to 2018 along with difference-in-differences methods, we present quasi-experimental evidence that sick pay mandates have causally reduced doctor-certified ili rates at the population level. on average, ili rates fell by about 11 percent or 290 ili cases per 100,000 patients per week in the first year.
3. title: electronic benefit transfer and food expenditure cycles
authors: michael a. kuhn
abstract: previous research shows that the way transfer income is disbursed can affect what households purchase with that income. in this paper, i provide evidence that disbursement technique can affect the timing of purchases as well. i examine the u.s. supplemental nutrition assistance program (snap), which switched on a state-by-state basis from cash-similar food coupons to electronic benefit transfer (ebt)�a secure debit card�from 1993 to 2004. i find that ebt mitigated boom and bust cycles in food spending associated with snap disbursement. this effect is entirely driven by households with children (about two thirds of the snap population), who experienced more severe cycles prior to ebt. the effect operates only through the intensive margin�the amount spent on food during a shopping trip�and not at all on the extensive margin�the likelihood of going food shopping.
4. title: undue burden beyond texas: an analysis of abortion clinic closures, births, and abortions in wisconsin
authors: joanna venator, jason fletcher
abstract: in this paper, we estimate the impacts of abortion clinic closures on access to clinics in terms of distance and congestion, abortion rates, and birth rates. between 2010 and 2017, wisconsin passed three laws regulating abortion providers and two of five abortion clinics closed in wisconsin, increasing the distance to the nearest clinic to 55 miles on average and to over 100 miles in the most affected counties. we use a difference-in-differences design to estimate the effect of changes in travel distance on births and abortions, using within-county variation across time in distance to identify the effect. we find that a 100-mile increase in distance to the nearest clinic is associated with 30.7 percent fewer abortions and 3.2 percent more births. we see no significant effect of increased congestion at remaining clinics on abortion rates. interacting the legislative changes with distance, we find that the effects of distance on abortion are approximately 1.33 time stronger in the presence of laws requiring multiple physician visits to obtain an abortion. our results suggest that even small numbers of clinic closures can result in significant restrictions to abortion access of similar magnitude to those seen in texas where a greater number of clinics ceased operations.
5. title: increasing college going by incentivizing savings: evidence from a randomized controlled trial in italy
authors: alberto martini, davide azzolini, barbara romano, loris vergolini
abstract: we estimate the impact of a matched savings account program on high school students� college enrollment and persistence through a randomized controlled trial carried out in italy. the tested program (percorsi) provided low-income high school students with a 4:1 match rate for savings dedicated to higher education expenditures and required that they attended financial education classes. the program increased rates of enrollment and persistence in university by about nine percentage points. effects were even larger for vocational school students, who have poorer social backgrounds and lower academic preparation. incentivized savings programs have potential to reduce social disparities in higher education participation, though the lower saving capacity of poorer households can generate regressivity in program design.
6. title: the effect of mentoring on school attendance and academic outcomes: a randomized evaluation of the check & connect program
authors: jonathan guryan, sandra christenson, ashley cureton, ijun lai, jens ludwig, catherine schwarz, emma shirey, mary clair turner
abstract: in response to budget problems, many urban school systems reduced resources for getting students to come to school, such as truancy officers. chicago, for instance, in 1991, went from 150 truancy officers down to a total of zero. is that a good idea? in this study, we explore the effects of increased support by a pro-social adult, or �social capital,� delivered through a structured student monitoring and mentoring program called check & connect (c&c). we carried out a large-scale randomized controlled trial with c&c in partnership with the chicago public schools (cps) to students in grades 1 to 8. program participation decreased absences in grades 5 to 7 by 4.2 days, or 22.9 percent, but had no detectable effects on students in grades 1 to 4. we also did not find statistically significant effects on learning outcomes such as test scores or gpa, or any detectable spillovers to other students within the schools where the program was administered. the modest impacts per dollar spent, compared to previous evidence on either low-cost �nudges� or relatively intensive, higher-cost interventions, raise the possibility that, for very disadvantaged students, there may be decreasing returns that are then followed by increasing returns to program intensity for the problem of student disengagement.
7. title: is college remediation a barrier or a boost? evidence from the tennessee sails program
authors: thomas j. kane, angela boatman, whitney kozakowski, christopher bennett, rachel hitch, dana weisenfeld
abstract: many states are redesigning their college remediation policies to increase postsecondary degree completion. in 2012, tennessee began waiving college math remediation for high school students who completed a computer-based remedial math course (sails) during their senior year. using a regression discontinuity design, we find that the high school remedial course did not improve students' math achievement any more than the typical senior year math course (although it did allow students to avoid the cost and delay of remedial math in college). using a difference-in-difference design, we find that completing sails boosted enrollment in college-level math among first-year community college students by nearly 30 percentage points, with nearly half of new enrollees passing the college-level course. such students had, however, only completed 1.5 additional college courses after two years. in 2015, tennessee community colleges implemented �co-requisite� remediation, allowing students to complete remediation alongside college-level math. under the co-requisite policy, completing sails no longer produced any boost in college credits. although both alternatives to pre-requisite remediation produced modest gains for students and taxpayers, remediation requirements are not a primary driver of low degree completion rates.
8. title: policies to reduce and prevent homelessness: what we know and gaps in the research
authors: william n. evans, david c. phillips, krista ruffini
abstract: homelessness may be both a cause of and one of the more extreme outcomes of poverty. governments at all levels and private organizations have a variety of tools to combat homelessness, and these strategies have changed dramatically over the past quarter century. in this paper, we catalog the policy responses and the existing literature on the effectiveness of these strategies, focusing on studies of individual-level effects from randomized controlled trial evaluations and the best quasi-experimental designs. we conclude by discussing outstanding questions that can be addressed with these same methods.
9. title: lurking inferential monsters? quantifying selection bias in evaluations of school programs
authors: ben weidmann, luke miratrix
abstract: this study examines whether unobserved factors substantially bias education evaluations that rely on the conditional independence assumption. we add 14 new within-study comparisons to the literature, all from primary schools in england. across these 14 studies, we generate 42 estimates of selection bias using a simple approach to observational analysis. a meta-analysis of these estimates suggests that the distribution of underlying bias is centered around zero. the mean absolute value of estimated bias is 0.03�, and none of the 42 estimates are larger than 0.11�. results are similar for math, reading, and writing outcomes. overall, we find no evidence of substantial selection bias due to unobserved characteristics. these findings may not generalize easily to other settings or to more radical educational interventions, but they do suggest that non-experimental approaches could play a greater role than they currently do in generating reliable causal evidence for school education.
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10. title: inside a public policy black box: congress, ferc, and private electric utilities by michael j. delor, rowman & littlefield (lexington books), 2019, 242 pages, $95, hardback.
authors: nicholas l. cain
abstract: the article reviews the boo)*13;<>dgijkmv�����ʻʻʩ��wobtf9thj�5�ojqj^jo(h�
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11. title: achieving social equity: from problems to solutions by mary e. guy and sean a. mccandless (eds.), melvin & lehigh, publishers, 2020, 194 pp., $42.95 paperback, $36.95 kindle
authors: jean reith schroedel
abstract: the article reviews the book �achieving social equity: from problems to solutions� by mary e. guy and sean a. mccandless.
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