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volume 86, issue 5, october 2021
1. title: racial discrimination in housing: how landlords use algorithms and home visits to screen tenants
authors: rosen, eva; garboden philip m e; cossyleon, jennifer e.
abstract: an extensive literature documents racial discrimination in housing, focusing on its prevalence and effect on non-white populations. this article studies how such discrimination operates, and the intermediaries who engage in it: landlords. a fundamental assumption of racial discrimination research is that gatekeepers such as landlords are confronted with a racially heterogeneous applicant pool. the reality of urban housing markets, however, is that historical patterns of residential segregation intersect with other structural barriers to drive selection into the applicant pool, such that landlords are more often selecting between same-race applicants. using interviews and observations with 157 landlords in four cities, we ask: how do landlords construct their tenants� race within racially segmented housing markets, and how does this factor into their screening processes? we find that landlords distinguish between tenants based on the degree to which their behavior conforms to insidious cultural narratives at the intersection of race, gender, and class. landlords with large portfolios rely on screening algorithms, whereas mom-and-pop landlords make decisions based on informal mechanisms such as �gut feelings,� home visits, and the presentation of children. landlords may put aside certain racial prejudices when they have the right financial incentives, but only when the tenant also defies stereotypes. in this way, landlords� intersectional construction of race�even within a predominantly black or latino tenant pool�limits residential options for low-income, subsidized tenants of color, burdening their search process. these findings have implications for how we understand racial discrimination within racially homogenous social spheres. examining landlords� screening practices offers insight into the role housing plays in how racism continues to shape life outcomes�both explicitly through overt racial bias, and increasingly more covertly, through algorithmic automation and digital technologies.
2. title: the intersection of racial and gender attitudes, 1977 through 2018
authors: scarborough, william j; pepin, joanna r; lambouths, danny l, iii; kwon, ronald; monasterio ronaldo.
abstract: intersectionality scholars have long identified dynamic configurations of race and gender ideologies. yet, survey research on racial and gender attitudes tends to treat these components as independent. we apply latent class analysis to a set of racial and gender attitude items from the general social survey (1977 to 2018) to identify four configurations of individuals� simultaneous views on race and gender. two of these configurations hold unified progressive or regressive racial and gender attitudes. the other two formations have discordant racial and gender attitudes, where progressive views on one aspect combine with regressive views on the other. in the majority of survey years, the most commonly held configuration endorsed gender equality but espoused new racialist views that attributed racial disparities to cultural deficiencies. this perspective has become increasingly common since 1977 and is most prevalent among white women and white men, likely due to racial-group interest. black women and black men, in contrast, are more likely to embrace progressive racial and gender attitudes. we argue that white men�s gender egalitarianism may be rooted in self-interest, aimed at acquiring resources through intimate relationships. in contrast, black men adopt progressive racial and gender attitudes to form a necessary coalition with black women to challenge racism.
3. title: college and the �culture war�: assessing higher education�s influence on moral attitudes
authors: broi miloa; miles, andrew.
abstract: moral differences contribute to social and political conflicts. against this backdrop, colleges and universities have been criticized for promoting liberal moral attitudes. however, direct evidence for these claims is sparse, and suggestive evidence from studies of political attitudes is inconclusive. using four waves of data from the national study of youth and religion, we examine the effects of higher education on attitudes related to three dimensions of morality that have been identified as central to conflict: moral relativism, concern for others, and concern for social order. our results indicate that higher education liberalizes moral concerns for most students, but it also departs from the standard liberal profile by promoting moral absolutism rather than relativism. these effects are strongest for individuals majoring in the humanities, arts, or social sciences, and for students pursuing graduate studies. we conclude with a discussion of the implications of our results for work on political conflict and moral socialization.
4. title: asymmetry by design? identity obfuscation, reputational pressure, and consumer predation in u.s. for-profit higher education
authors: goldstein, adam; eaton, charlie.
abstract: this article develops and tests an identity-based account of malfeasance in consumer markets. we hypothesize that multi-brand organizational structures help predatory firms short-circuit reputational discipline by rendering their underlying identities opaque to consumer audiences. the analysis utilizes comprehensive administrative data on all u.s. for-profit colleges, an industry characterized by widespread fraud and poor (although variable) educational outcomes. consistent with the hypothesis that brand multiplicity facilitates malfeasance by reducing ex ante reputational risks, colleges that are part of multi-brand companies invest less in instruction, have worse student outcomes, and are more likely to face legal and regulatory sanctions (relative to single-brand firms). maintaining multiple outward-facing brand identities also mitigates reputational penalties in the wake of law enforcement actions, as measured by news coverage of legal actions, and by subsequent enrollment growth. the results suggest identity multiplicity plays a key role in allowing firms to furnish substandard products, even amid frequent scandals and media scrutiny. predatory practices are facilitated not only by the inherent informational asymmetries in a given product, but also by firms� efforts to make themselves less legible to audiences. the analysis contributes to research on higher education, organizational theory, and the sociology of markets.
5. title: categorical distinctions and claims-making: opportunity, agency, and returns from wage negotiations
authors: sauer carsten; valet, peter; safi, shams; tomaskovic-devey donald.
abstract: in this article, we examine wage negotiations as a specific instance of claims-making, predicting that the capacity to make a claim is first a function of the position, rather than the person, and that lower-status actors�women, migrants, fixed-term, part-time, and unskilled workers�are all more likely to be in positions where negotiation is not possible. at the same time, subordinate-status actors may be less likely to make claims even where negotiation is possible, and when they do make wage claims they may receive lower or no returns to negotiation. analyses of wage negotiations by more than 2,400 german employees largely confirm these theoretical expectations, although the patterns of opportunity, agency, and economic returns vary by categorical status. all low-status actors are more likely to be in jobs where negotiation is not possible. women, people in lower-class jobs, and people with temporary contracts are less likely to negotiate even when given the opportunity. regarding returns, agency in wage claims does not seem to improve the wages of women, migrants, or working-class individuals. the advice to �lean-in� will not substantially lower wage inequalities for everyone, although men who lean in do benefit relative to men who do not.
6. title: what�s in an occupation? investigating within-occupation variation and gender segregation using job titles and task descriptions
authors: martin-caughey, ananda.
abstract: occupations have long been central to the study of inequality and mobility. however, the occupational categories typical in most u.s. survey data conceal potentially important patterns within occupations. this project uses a novel data source that has not previously been released for analysis: the verbatim text responses provided by respondents to the general social survey from 1972 to 2018 when asked about their occupation. these text data allow for an investigation of variation within occupations, in terms of job titles and task descriptions, and the occupation-level factors associated with this variation. i construct an index of occupational similarity based on the average pairwise cosine similarity between job titles and between task descriptions within occupations. findings indicate substantial variation in the level of similarity across occupations. occupational prestige, education, and income are associated with less heterogeneity in terms of job titles but slightly more heterogeneity in terms of task descriptions. gender diversity is associated with more internal heterogeneity in terms of both job titles and task descriptions. in addition, i use the case of gender segregation to demonstrate how occupational categories can conceal the depth and form of stratification.
7. title: relative to whom? comment on �relative education and the advantage of a college degree�
authors: furey, jane.
abstract: to understand the relative advantage of a bachelor�s degree, we must consider the question: relative to whom? using the current population survey annual social and economic supplement, horowitz (2018) argues that educational expansion between 1971 and 2010 decreased college graduates� skill usage and eroded their advantages relative to individuals without a postsecondary degree. however, the comparison group�individuals without a postsecondary degree�is inconsistently defined over time due to a change to the cps in 1992; this group also includes individuals without a high school degree, high school graduates, and people with some college but no degree�three groups that have heterogeneous labor market experiences. i replicate horowitz�s analysis and repeat it using two alternative education categorization schemes that address these limitations. i show that college graduates� absolute and relative advantages in skill usage depend substantially on how we measure education. notably, i find that college graduates maintain persistent relative advantages in skill usage when compared to high school graduates and individuals with some college, even as education expands. although no classification system perfectly accounts for the full variation of the population, my findings demonstrate that researchers must carefully define key variables and comparison groups, especially when considering relative effects.
8. title: next steps for the relative education hypothesis
authors: horowitz, jonathan.
abstract: the relative education hypothesis states that in contexts where university degrees are scarce, workers with bachelor�s degrees are sought after and enter cognitively skilled occupations; but as education expands across birth cohorts, some workers with bachelor�s degrees are unable to maintain their position in the labor market. in an earlier asr article (horowitz 2018), i found support for this argument; however, furey (2021) shows$&./18;=>?aj������ʻʻʪ��xpcug:u/hicy5�ojqj^jhj�5�ojqj^jo(h�e�h�e�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(hm8x5�cjojqj^jajh
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