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��ࡱ�>�� rt����q��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �r� lbjbjqq2neeef ���������������������8\s�vml���������l�l�l�l�l�l�l�n�dq@�l9�������l����4m����v�����l���l���������ė�(��v��l&m0vm��q�:�q���/�q�qjp���������l�l�����vm�������������������������������������������������������������������������q���������� �: research policy volume 41, issue 6, july 2012 1. title: sustainability transitions: an emerging field of research and its prospects authors: jochen markard; rob raven; bernhard truffer abstract: sustainability oriented innovation and technology studies have received increasing attention over the past 10�15 years. in particular, a new field dealing with �sustainability transitions� has gained ground and reached an output of 60�100 academic papers per year. in this article, we aim to identify the intellectual contours of this emerging field by conducting a review of basic conceptual frameworks, together with bibliographical analysis of 540 journal articles in the field. it is against this background that we position the six papers assembled in a special section in research policy. these papers pave the way for new conceptual developments and serve as stepping-stones in the maturation of sustainability transition studies, by linking with the scholarly literatures of management studies, sociology, policy studies, economic geography, and modeling. 2. title: toward a spatial perspective on sustainability transitions authors: lars coenen; paul benneworth; bernhard truffer abstract: in the past decade, the literature on transitions toward sustainable socio-technical systems has made a considerable contribution in understanding the complex and multi-dimensional shifts considered necessary to adapt societies and economies to sustainable modes of production and consumption. however, transition analyses have often neglected where transitions take place, and the spatial configurations and dynamics of the networks within which transitions evolve. a more explicit spatial perspective on sustainability transitions contributes to the extant transitions literature in three ways. firstly it provides a contextualization on the limited territorial sensitivity of existing literature. secondly, it explicitly acknowledges and investigates diversity in transition processes, which follows from a �natural� variety in institutional conditions, networks, actor strategies and resources across space. thirdly, it encompasses not only greater emphasis but also an opportunity to connect to a body of literature geared to understanding the international, trans-local nature of transition dynamics. concerned with the prevalent lack of attention for the spatial dimensions of sustainability transitions in most studies, this paper seeks to unpick and make explicit sustainability transition geographies from the vantage point of economic geography. the paper argues that there are two interrelated problems requiring attention: the institutional embeddedness of socio-technical development processes within specific territorial spaces, and an explicit multi-scalar conception of socio-technical trajectories. following these arguments, the paper concludes that transitions research would do well to take a closer look at the geographical unevenness of transition processes from the perspective of global networks and local nodes. 3. title: metatheoretical perspectives on sustainability journeys: evolutionary, relational and durational authors: raghu garud; joel gehman abstract: journeys to a sustainable future have become important to industry, government and research. in this paper, we examine evolutionary, relational and durational perspectives on sustainability journeys. each perspective emphasizes different facets of sustainability � shifts in selection environments, reconfigurations of emergent networks, and intertemporal comparisons and contrasts. drawing on our analysis, we discuss implications for sustainability policy, strategy and research. 4. title: mapping and navigating transitions�the multi-level perspective compared with arenas of development authors: ulrik j�rgensen abstract: transitions of socio-technical systems imply the reconfiguration of institutions and politics making made evident the need to understand and intervene in existing patterns of growth and socio-technical practices in more sustainable directions. in recent decades, theories of transitions have been introduced, which include the multi-level approach indicating ways to govern transitions through understanding the interactions between niches, regimes and landscapes. an alternative approach is suggested, which takes its outset in arenas of development and increased awareness of actors and their way of interpreting context and performing interventions. building on three cases covering aspects of transitions since the 1970s, the article compares the two approaches based on three concerns in relation to transition studies. the first concern reflects that conflicts are important elements of change helping actors to navigate. the second concern builds on the observation that actors engage at all levels in society including visions, institutions, and innovations. the third concern addresses the role of academic theories and advice regarding governance of transition processes in which they function as entrenched actors. the article ends by emphasising the need to help actors navigate in a field in flux. the study of arenas of development may help interpret transitions in the making, and provide a background of information about how different actors can navigate and perform strategic interventions that support sustainable transitions. 5. title: evolutionary theorizing and modeling of sustainability transitions authors: karolina safarzydska; koen frenken; jeroen c.j.m. van den bergh abstract: this paper argues that evolutionary thinking and modeling can contribute to the emerging research on sustainability transitions and their management. evolutionary theory provides a range of concepts and mechanisms that are useful in making existing theorizing about transitions more precise and complete. in particular, we will discuss how the multi-level, multi-phase, co-evolutionary, and social learning dynamics underlying transitions can be addressed in evolutionary models. in addition, evolutionary theorizing offers suggestions for extending current theoretical frameworks of transitions. group selection provides a good example. we review the small set of formal evolutionary models of sustainability transitions, and show that existing formal evolutionary models of technological, social and institutional change can provide useful inputs to transition research and management. 6. title: what is protective space? reconsidering niches in transitions to sustainability authors: adrian smith; rob raven abstract: the transitions literature emphasises the role of niches, defined as a protective space for path-breaking innovations. surprisingly, the concept of protection has not been systematically interrogated. our analysis identifies effective protection as having three properties in wider transition processes: shielding, nurturing and empowerment. empowerment is considered the least developed in current niche literature. it can be understood as either processes that make niche innovations competitive within unchanged selection environments (fit-and-conform) or as processes that contribute to changes in mainstream selection environments in ways favourable to a path-breaking niche innovation (stretch-and-transform). adopting a more constructivist perspective, we subsequently argue that analysis of these properties needs to be complemented with particular attention for the politics involved in their construction. attention to empowerment confirms the view that niche actors need to link to wider processes of social change, and suggests how this arises. the paper ends with an outlook upon two promising research avenues: (1) the reconstruction of niche development in light of the present framework; (2) analyses of the diverse (political) narratives seeking to empower niches across time and space. 7. title: legitimizing research, technology and innovation policies for transformative change: combining insights from innovation systems and multi-level perspective in a comprehensive �failures� framework authors: k. matthias weber; harald rohracher abstract: the recent policy debates about orientating research, technology and innovation policy towards societal challenges, rather than economic growth objectives only, call for new lines of argumentation to systematically legitimize policy interventions. while the multi-level perspective on long-term transitions has attracted quite some interest over the past years as a framework for dealing with long-term processes of transformative change, but the innovation systems approach is still the dominant perspective for devising innovation policy. innovation systems approaches stress the importance of improving innovation capabilities of firms and the institutional settings to support them, but they are less suited for dealing with the strategic challenges of transforming systems of innovation, production and consumption, and thus with long-term challenges such as climate change or resource depletion. it is therefore suggested to consider insights from transition studies more prominently in a policy framework that is based on the innovation systems approach and the associated notion of �failures�. we propose a comprehensive framework that allows legitimizing and devising policies for transformative change that draws on a combination of market failures, structural system failures and transformational system failures. 8. title: navigating the impact-innovation double hurdle: the case of a climate change research fund authors: fiona lettice; palie smart; yehuda baruch; mark johnson abstract: this paper analyses how the funding for research grants was allocated from a specific research fund which aimed to support innovative research projects with the potential to have research impact by reducing carbon emissions. the fund received a total of 106 proposals, of which 27 were successful at obtaining financial support. our aims were to test which factors influenced the funding decision and to discover whether or not and to what extent the fund met its intended objectives through the allocation of monies. the allocation process and its outcomes were analysed using correlation, logistical and linear regression to test our research hypotheses. using this research funding process as a single study, we found that trying to clear the impact-innovation double hurdle in a single funding initiative ultimately compromises both goals. this paper therefore contributes to our understanding of innovation management within the context of carbon emission reduction and explains which factors influenced success in securing research monies through the funding process. 9. title: non-technological regulatory effects: implications for innovation and innovation policy authors: evita paraskevopoulou abstract: this paper considers the link between public policy and innovation and contributes to the notion that public policies that do not directly address innovation carry along important implications for it. it explores the role of regulation for innovation and innovation policy by emphasizing the importance of non-technological regulatory effects for innovation and their potential as an input for innovation policy. the output of in depth interviews with stakeholders from the detergents industry is combined with various sources of secondary data and reveals a variety of non-technological novelties attributed to regulation that are relevant to innovation. these results are then matched against the objectives of innovation policy, an exercise that gives better insights on the policy links between regulation and innovation policy and concludes on the domains of complementarities between the two. we find that that regulatory policy can contribute to the achievement of targets set by innovation policy while innovation policy measures can facilitate the compensation of negative regulatory implications for innovation. 10. title: is there complementarity or substitutability between internal and external r&d strategies? authors: john hagedoorn; ning wang abstract: the various strands of extant empirical research are inconclusive about the complementarity or substitutability between different innovation mechanisms, such as internal and external r&d. using a panel sample of 83 incumbent pharmaceutical firms covering the period 1986�2000, our empirical analysis suggests that, instead of a clear-cut answer to the question of whether internal and external r&d are complementary or substitutive innovation activities, there appears to be a contingent relationship between internal and external r&d strategies in shaping a firm's innovative output. the results from our study indicate that the level of in-house r&d investments, which is characterized by decreasing marginal returns, is a contingency variable that critically influences the association between internal and external r&d strategies. in particular, internal r&d and external r&d, through either r&d alliances or r&d acquisitions, are complementary innovation activities at higher levels of in-house r&d investments, whereas at lower levels of in-house r&d efforts, internal and external r&d turn out to be substitutive strategic options. 11. title: research, development, and firm growth. empirical evidence from european top r&d spending firms authors: juan v. garc�a-manj�n; m. elena romero-merino abstract: following recent literature, we present a model of endogenous firm growth with r&d investment as one of the main mechanisms of growth. our study evidences a positive effect of r&d intensity on the sales growth by using ols, quantile regressions, and gmm system estimators for a sample of 754 european firms for the 2003�2007 period. we also find this association is more intense in high-growth firms and is especially significant when referring to high-technology sectors. this paper gives empirical support to those recommendations from policy makers and business leaders for maintaining the r&d expenditures especially in high-technology sectors even when facing a recession. 12. title: from knowledge to added value: a comparative, panel-data analysis of the innovation value chain in irish and swiss manufacturing firms authors: stephen roper; spyros arvanitis abstract: the innovation value chain (ivc) divides the innovation process into three separate links or activities: knowledge gathering, knowledge transformation and knowledge exploitation. here, we report a comparative panel data analysis of the ivc in ireland and switzerland. both economies are small, very open and depend significantly on innovation to maintain competitive advantage. in recent years, however, r&d and innovation growth in ireland has been markedly stronger than that in switzerland. we investigate these differences through the �lens� of the ivc. significant similarities exist between some aspects of firms� innovation behaviour in each country: strong complementarities emerge between external knowledge sources and between firms� internal and external knowledge. and, in both countries, in-house r&d and links to customers prove important drivers of innovation. innovation drives productivity growth in different ways in the two countries, however, through product change in switzerland and through process change in ireland. other differences in the determinants of innovation performance linked to ownership and firms� institutional context emphasise the systemic nature of innovation and the legacy of past patterns of industrial development. 13. title: mncs� offshore r&d networks in host country's regional innovation system: the case of taiwan-based firms in china authors: meng-chun liu; shin-horng chen abstract: china has become a hot spot of r&d internationalization and a growing number of taiwan-based firms have indeed set up r&d units in china. taking into account china's substantial regional variations in economic development, innovation capacity, and knowledge productivity, such notions as regional innovation system (ris) and local innovative milieu may become more relevant to the study on relationships between china and its inward r&d internationalization. therefore, the key issue for this paper is what locational advantages of an ris within a host country affect the network linkages and networking strategy of multinational corporations� (mncs�) offshore r&d units. the paper aims to enrich the current understanding of r&d internationalization in several ways. first, the paper attempts to examine the r&d networking underlying r&d internationalization by taiwan-based firms in china, with particular reference to the sub-national level inside china. second, the paper tries to establish a link between the literature of r&d internationalization and that of ris, with a modified version of dunning's eclectic paradigm. efforts are made to map the relationship between foreign subsidiaries� local r&d networks and their host riss inside china. third, the paper takes advantage of a government databank to adopt a quantitative approach, the seemingly unrelated bivariate probit regression model, with foreign subsidiaries as the unit of analysis, to highlight the role played by some aspects of the ris in determining the local r&d networking of taiwanese subsidiaries in china. our evident shows that mncs� offshore r&d units that purse home-based technology exploitation strategy, the mainstream strategy regarding the developing host country, tend to be located in a host region with a strong knowledge application and exploitation subsystem, while an ris with a strong knowledge generation and diffusion subsystem, within such a developing country as china, may induce mncs� local r&d units to pursue home-base technology augmenting strategy. on balance, not only the location choice but also the local r&d linkages of mncs� offshore subsidiaries are related to appropriate fits between the ris and the subsidiaries� innovation network inside the host country.  !"$( 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