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��ࡱ�>�� r�h\bjbj�.�.2��d�g�d�gzt ��66��8t�$��n��xnznznznznznzn$�p�usf~n��~n��4�n$$$�z��xn$�xn$$$��m��d$dn�n0�n$�s�f�s$$0�s�4k��$��~n~n�^��n��s��6b�: research policy volume 53, issue 3, april 2024 1. title: focusing the ecosystem lens on innovation studies authors: carliss y. baldwin, marcel l.a.m. bogers, rahul kapoor, joel west abstract: for nearly a century, the key role of innovation in economic growth has been acknowledged and studied. today, innovations are increasingly understood as being embedded in ecosystems of autonomous actors, whether firms, other organizations, or individuals. these actors contribute in complementary ways to create a value proposition that is greater than the sum of the parts, with the integration of their products and processes made possible by modular interfaces between actors. here we review the emergence of the ecosystem lens within innovation studies in the context of the special issue on innovation ecosystems and ecosystem innovation. after summarizing the history of the special issue, we review the nine articles in the special issue and show how they relate to defining the actors, joint value creation by the actors, coordinating the actors, value capture by the actors, and then the large issue of analyzing ecosystems as the unit of analysis. from this, we offer suggestions for future ecosystem research, including opportunities to combine the ecosystem lens with other lenses used in innovation studies, and new methods for studying ecosystem phenomena. 2. title: miss or match? the impact of phd training on job market satisfaction authors: cornelia lawson, cindy lopes-bento abstract: job satisfaction is vital to being productive and to contribute to society. this paper adds to our current understanding of the job market for academics by investigating job satisfaction of phd holders leaving academia for the private or non-academic public sector (government, public administration) compared to those who remain in university or public research center positions. we investigate whether a phd matters for satisfaction by comparing phd holders and phd dropouts who hold similar motivations and �taste� for science. empirically we rely on a unique survey of phd grant applicants (funded and not) and show that about half of phd graduates leave academia. in endogenous treatment effects models accounting for selection into sector, we find that despite a preference for the academic sector, phds do not experience lower job satisfaction when employed outside of academia and that overall satisfaction is highest in the non-academic public sector. we further find that phd graduates are happier in their jobs than those that do not complete a phd, a finding that is mediated by the job content (i.e. the relatedness of the employment to a research activity). these findings are of relevance to employers and policy makers, as they inform about job match of graduates and the value of pursuing a phd across employment sectors. 3. title: technology transfer challenges in asymmetric alliances between high-technology and low-technology firms authors: christopher simms, johan frishammar abstract: low-technology firms face an increasingly disruptive innovation landscape as new legislation and changing market demands force them to dramatically reduce emission levels to become more sustainable. however, successfully developing and implementing sustainable technologies frequently presupposes alliances between low-technology firms (such as process industry companies) and high-tech firms (such as their specialized technology providers). such alliances are asymmetric and problematic because of differences in approaches to learning, knowledge bases, collaboration routines, and high cognitive distance between high- and low-technology firms. against this background, we performed a multiple case study of six asymmetric alliances operating in the food and food packaging sectors in the uk. the analysis reveals that technology distance asymmetry, technology integration complexity, and innovation capability incompatibilities prohibit technology transfer effectiveness. by mapping these themes across three phases of technology transfer, we identified a total of nine unique problems that hamper technology transfer effectiveness and, therefore, risk delaying or distorting the implementation of novel sustainable technology. the paper provides theoretical implications for the literature on innovation in lmt firms and for the literature on sustainability alliances along with practical implications for improving technology transfer between high-tech and low-tech firms considering climate change. 4. title: style and quality: aesthetic innovation strategy under weak appropriability authors: kenny ching, enrico forti, spyridon katsampes, kostantinos mammous abstract: counterfeiting challenges firms to capture the value created by product innovation. we characterize style and quality as key dimensions of product innovation strategy in contexts where aesthetic attributes drive product success. we examine distinct aesthetic innovation strategies that firms may use to innovate their existing products � developing new style variants, using higher quality attributes, or both. our empirical test exploits unique data on authentic plastic model kits matched to product-specific counterfeits. controlling for several confounders, we find that new style variants that include higher quality attributes are 20 % more likely to be copied relative to style variants that do not. we discuss implications for aesthetic innovation strategies in weak appropriability regimes. 5. title: digital activism to achieve meaningful institutional change: a bricolage of crowdsourcing, social media, and data analytics authors: vitali mindel, robert e. overstreet, henrik sternberg, lars mathiassen, nelson phillips abstract: researchers have examined the impact of information and communication technology (ict) on activism, finding that ict improves connectivity, mobilization, and identity formation. however, such digital activism has been criticized for often failing to move beyond venting anger during the initial mobilization efforts. to better understand what makes digital activism more likely to generate meaningful institutional change, we examine the case of the swedish cabotagestudien, an example of effective and sustained digital activism that generated institutional field-level industry and policy changes. we examine the institutional work underlying a bricolage of crowdsourcing, social media, and data analytics through a longitudinal case study of cabotagestudien, contributing to research on institutional change, innovation, and technology. our case analysis reveals three mutually reinforcing forms of institutional work: infrastructure work, crowd work, and data work. as a result, we contribute a novel theoretical explanation of how these interrelated forms of institutional work can mobilize low-power actors into effective and sustained digital activism in the face of institutional resistance. 6. title: digitalization and resilience authors: alexander copestake, julia estefania-flores, davide furceri abstract: this paper investigates the role of digitalization in improving economic resilience. using balance sheet data from 24,000 firms in 75 countries, and a difference-in-differences approach, we find that firms in industries that are more digitalized experience lower revenue losses following recessions. early data since the outbreak of the covid-19 pandemic suggest an even larger effect during the resulting recessions. these results are robust across a wide range of digitalization measures�such as ict input and employment shares, robot usage, online sales, intangible assets and digital skills listed on online profiles�and several alternative specifications. 7. title: countries' research priorities in relation to the sustainable development goals authors: hugo confraria, tommaso ciarli, ed noyons abstract: we analyse how countries' research priorities align with their greatest sustainable development goals (sdgs) challenges and whether misalignments are worse in certain sdgs. employing a novel method, we identify research related to an sdg by examining research areas in wos with a higher share of publications containing text related to sdg policy outlets. then, we use the sdg indicators to create a new score to assess the performance of countries in sdgs in relation to the top performers. our analysis at the global level reveals a substantial misalignment. although low and lower-middle income countries tend to face higher sdg challenges, only <10 % of sdg-related research is conducted in these regions. at the sdg-country level, we observe a positive alignment between countries' research priorities and sdg challenges only for sdg1 (no poverty), sdg2 (zero hunger), sdg6 (clean water and sanitation), and sdg9 (industry, innovation, and infrastructure). this means that countries with higher sdg challenges are relatively specialised in research related to these specific goals. conversely, for all other sdgs, our findings indicate a misalignment or an inconclusive relationship between sdg challenges and research prioritisation. a notable misalignment occurs in sdg12 (responsible consumption and production), where the countries with the most unsustainable consumption/production patterns are high income countries that are not specialised in research related to sdg12. our conclusions, underscore the need for research priorities to be more aligned with national sdg challenges, and advocate for more research funds to be directed towards low and lower-middle income countries. 8. title: the missing middle: value capture in the market for startups authors: ashish arora, andrea fosfuri, thomas r�nde abstract: we argue that innovations that involve both upstream (technological) and downstream (commercialization) challenges are disadvantaged in a startup-based innovation system where startups develop inventions, while incumbents acquire startups. we propose an analytical model in which startups are more efficient at solving technological challenges and incumbents are more efficient at solving commercialization challenges, and where uncertainty about the best acquirer prevents complete contracts. we find that when both technological and commercialization challenges are present, as commonly observed in deep tech innovations, startups are able to capture a smaller fraction of the value created. this introduces a bias in the direction of innovation as projects that are primarily characterized by one type of challenge are more attractive investments compared to projects, equally or more valuable, which face both challenges. we discuss the implications of our model for startup strategies, empirical research and deep tech innovation policies. 9. title: the impact of robot adoption on global sourcing authors: akin a. cilekoglu, rosina moreno, raul ramos abstract: this paper studies the impact of robot adoption on firms� global sourcing activities. using a rich panel dataset of spanish manufacturing firms, we investigate how outsourcing and vertically integrated firms changed their sourcing strategies in response to robot adoption. we find that robots increased intermediate input purchases from foreign suppliers while did not affect intermediate input purchases from domestic suppliers between 2006 and 2016. we present a theoretical framework in which the assumptions and predictions are in line with our findings in the dataset. in contrast to rising concerns over reshoring, our findings suggest that robots have yet promoted trade in intermediate inputs. 10. title: the effects of foreign entry on local innovation by entry mode authors: giacomo damioli, giovanni marin abstract: this paper studies the potentially heterogeneous effects that innovative asset-seeking foreign direct investments (fdis) pursued through different entry modes have on the technological innovation of receiving economies. the analysis covers a balanced panel of european regions receiving fdis between 2003 and 2016, and accounts for the endogeneity of fdi inflows by means of an instrumental variable approach. for greenfield fdis, we find a negative effect on the patenting output of receiving regions. this is driven by a drop in the patenting output of inventors who have never patented before, in regions with historically high co-patenting of new and experienced inventors. this is consistent with the idea that greenfield subsidiaries recruit some of the best local inventors, disrupting local teams, so that less experienced inventors miss out on interactions with more experienced collaborators. in the case of cross-border mergers and acquisitions, the patenting activity of receiving regions remains unchanged, but for a slight increase in the patenting activity of experienced inventors in the first few years after the acquisition, possibly to show their value to the entrant multinational enterprise (mne). our findings suggest that policies aimed at attracting greenfield fdis could be combined with those aimed at embedding newly established subsidiaries in the local environment. for instance, entrant mnes could be required to engage with local actors in collaborative r&d activities and in the development of local skills, in order to access the economic incentives (e.g., r&d tax credits, grants and subsidies) that are often devised to attract innovative greenfield fdis. 11. title: from github to gdp: a framework for measuring open source software innovation authors: gizem korkmaz, j. bayo�n santiago calder�n, brandon l. kramer, ledia guci, carol a. robbins abstract: open source software (oss) is software that anyone can review, modify, and distribute freely, usually with only minor restrictions such as giving credit to the creator of the work. the use of oss is growing rapidly, due to its value in increasing firm and economy-wide productivity. despite its widespread use, there is no standardized methodology for measuring the scope and impact of this fundamental intangible asset. this study presents a framework to measure the value of oss using data collected from github, the largest platform in the world with over 100 million developers. the data include over 7.6 million repositories where software is developed, stored, and managed. we collect information about contributors and development activity such as code changes and license detail. by adopting a cost estimation model from software engineering, we develop a methodology to generate estimates of investment in oss that are consistent with the u.s. national accounting methods used for measuring software investment. we generate annual estimates of current and inflation-adjusted investment as well as the net stock of oss for the 2009�2019 period. our estimates show that the u.s. investment in 2019 was $37.8 billion with a current-cost net stock of $74.3 billion. 12. title: the great divergence(s) authors: giuseppe berlingieri, patrick blanchenay, chiara criscuolo abstract: this paper provides new evidence on the increasing dispersion in wages and productivity using a unique micro-aggregated firm-level data source, representative for the full population of firms in 12 countries. first, we document an increase in wage and productivity dispersions, for both manufacturing and market services, and show that the increase is mainly driven by the bottom of the wage and productivity distributions. second, we show that between-firm wage dispersion increased more in sectors that experienced an increase in productivity dispersion; the estimated elasticity is larger at the bottom than at the top of the wage/productivity distributions, consistent with a framework in which more productive firms charge higher mark-ups and/or larger wage mark-downs. third, we find that both globalisation and digitalisation strengthen the link between productivity and wage dispersion. our results suggest that policies designed to mitigate wage inequality must take into consideration gaps between firms of the same sectors, and how both globalisation and digitalisation affect these gaps. 13. title: are they coming for us? industrial robots and the mental health of workers authors: ana lucia abeliansky, matthias beulmann, klaus prettner abstract: how does the increasing use of robots affect the mental health of workers? to investigate this question, we combine individual mental health data from the german socioeconomic panel with data on the stock of robots in 14 manufacturing sectors provided by the international federation of robotics for the period 2002�2018. using mediation analysis and an instrumental variable approach, we find that higher robot intensity is associated with deteriorating mental health, an effect that is mainly driven by worries about job security and a lower sense of achievement on the job. a heterogeneity analysis reveals that higher robot intensity has particularly severe negative effects on the mental health of workers close to retirement, in low-skilled occupations and performing routine jobs. women and men are affected similarly, as are workers of all educational levels. our results indicate the presence of hidden (health) costs of automation that policymakers need to address. 14. title: profiting from innovation when digital business ecosystems emerge: a control point perspective authors: ren� bohnsack, michael rennings, carolin block, stefanie br�ring abstract: the digital transformation of industrial-age sectors changes product architectures and industry architectures, influencing how value is created and captured in emerging digital business ecosystems. in the industrial era, products were designed around modular architectures and complementary assets, and bottlenecks determined who profits from innovation. in the digital era, products emerge on a layered modular architecture, and profiting from innovation is shifting to those who own control points. despite the centrality of the interplay between the product architecture and industry architecture for value creation and value capture in the digital age, the effects on competitiveness and industry dynamics remain unclear. to fill this void, we draw on the concept of control points, a novel lens to reflect bargaining positions on a layered modular architecture in digital business ecosystems. based on a case study of 19 companies, industry associations, and consulting firms in the digital business ecosystem of smart farming, we identify strategic control points, technical control points, generic control points, and institutional boundaries as instrumental in determining value creation and value capture positions. we find that actors (i.e., incumbents, diversifying entrants, and new entrants) in emerging digital business ecosystems follow a seesaw pattern in setting control points and acquiring bargaining positions, and propose a framework that allows to analyze the dynamics within digital business ecosystems. our study offers managerial implications for firms seeking to optimize their ecosystem strategy and policy makers to support the effective development of the institutional context. 15. title: technologically related diversification: one size does not fit all european regions authors: javier barbero, olga diukanova, carlo gianelle, simone salotti, artur santoalha abstract: building on the case of european union (eu) regions, we study the macroeconomic impact of related diversification. we use an indicator of technological related variety in combination with stochastic frontier estimation and a well-established general equilibrium model to assess the rationale for related diversification and to understand the relevance of different region-specific policies. the results suggest that related diversification has a greater potential for less advanced regions than for more advanced ones. this has interesting implications for industrial policy, calling for a differentiated approach depending on the technological space and level of development of different regions. 16. title: evaluating the principle of relatedness: estimation, drivers and implications for policy authors: yang li, frank m.h. neffke abstract: a growing body of research documents that the size and growth of an industry in a location depends on how much related activity is found there. this fact is commonly referred to as the �principle of relatedness�. however, there is no consensus on why we observe the principle of relatedness, how to best operationalize it empirically or how this empirical regularity can help inform local industrial policy. we try to make progress by performing a structured search over tens of thousands of specifications to identify robust procedures to determine how well industries fit the local economies of us cities that perform well in terms of out-of-sample predictions. to do so, we use data that allow us to derive relatedness from observing which industries co-occur in the portfolios of establishments, firms, cities and countries. portfolios of these different productive entities yield different relatedness matrices, each of which helps predict the size and growth of local industries. however, our specification search not only identifies ways to improve the performance of such predictions, but also reveals new facts about the principle of relatedness and important trade-offs between predictive performance and interpretability. we use these insights to deepen our theoretical understanding of what underlies path-dependent development in cities and expand existing policy frameworks that leverage information from inter-industry relatedness analysis. !"$),./012;lmu��ʸʦʦ��tl__qc6qhj�5�ojqj^jo(h�eh�e5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h!@�5�cjojqj^jajh 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