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��ࡱ�>�� u �r��ibjbj�n�n2��a��a�a ��""��8�d]$� ol��n�n�n�n�n�n�n$vp�,s<�n��n��4�n===��n=��n===��`��\-~��_@=un�n0 o=hs�rhs==�/hs�)kl��=��n�n�l�� o��hs��"qs: world development volume 164, issue 4, april 2023 1. title: recovery mode: non-cognitive skills after the storm authors: christian biener, andreas landmann abstract: we analyze the very short-term causal impact of exposure to one of the most powerful storms ever recorded to strike land on locus of control, beliefs in reciprocity, and risk preferences within a sample of 2,352 individuals. we find that people exhibit significantly lower external locus of control, beliefs in reciprocity, and risk aversion after the shock. our identification is based on field work that coincidentally started shortly before the typhoon and that continued thereafter. the short-term impact we document has not been observed previously, and we thus fill a gap in the emerging literature on the stability of non-cognitive skills. 2. title: demand reduction campaigns for the illegal wildlife trade in authoritarian vietnam: ungrounded environmentalism authors: anh ngoc vu abstract: the demand side of illegal wildlife trade (iwt) has received increasing academic, media, and policy attention for its powerful potential to address the biodiversity extinction crisis. the article contributes to this emerging literature by analysing demand reduction campaigns for illegally traded wildlife in vietnam, a country that has been named and shamed by transnational conservation elites as one of key perpetrators of species loss across africa. conspicuous consumption of �rare� and �prestige� wildlife by the wealthy and nouveaux riches of vietnam has been identified as a principal factor threatening the survival of many wild species. accordingly/not surprisingly, significant amounts of donor and government money have been channelled to consumer-targeted interventions and campaigns in that country. my study shows that these campaigns have limited effects because they are a form of �ungrounded� environmentalism. the article advances the scholarly debate on iwt demand reduction interventions by demonstrating that the ungrounded environmentalism typical of these campaigns is problematic and risks deepening historical stereotypes and cultural misrepresentations. as social beings, consumers are deeply embedded within long-standing socio-cultural, political and institutional contexts, therefore it is essential that consumer-targeted campaigns are be informed and underpinned by these dynamics, especially in authoritarian contexts such as vietnam. the article offers a novel theoretical contribution to literature on environmental politics by focusing on the conceptual lens of �ungrounded� environmentalism to demand-side campaigning, and testing its utility by applying it to the specific case of vietnam. 3. title: the impact of intimate partner violence on women�s labour market outcomes authors: cigdem gedikli, gurleen popli, okan yilmaz abstract: this paper investigates the impact of intimate partner violence on the participation of women in the labour market and their access to employment in the form of being a wage worker, self-employed or unpaid family worker. to address the possibility of endogeneity, especially due to simultaneity, between intimate partner violence and female labour force participation, we use the history of violence, both of the woman and her partner, as instrumental variables. our results provide evidence that intimate partner violence is associated with an increased probability of a woman participating in the labour market. further analysis shows that the rent extraction mechanism is the most likely explanation for the positive relationship. 4. title: mapping community development aid: spatial analysis in myanmar authors: woojin jung abstract: development aid has greater potential to alleviate poverty when targeted towards areas of concentrated need. however, the body of research examining subnational aid targeting is often constrained to state- or district-level analysis due to the lack of aid or wealth data in small regions. this study fills this gap by examining the poverty orientation of aid at the granular spatial units where the pro-poor interventions are implemented. specifically, it explores the extent to which community-centered development (ccd) in myanmar takes place in poor villages. this paper estimates aid presence and density, given regional poverty, by linking detailed aid location with nightlight luminosity and wealth-related data. overall, densely aided areas tend to shine brighter and have a lower share of vulnerable populations. however, for villages with similar luminosity, aid goes to areas with fewer resources. this study also finds heterogeneity in the targeting practice among donors who adopt different ideologies. the market-oriented world bank project supports poorer villages whereas the korean international cooperation agency�s project, drawing from the developmental state, includes villages close to conflict zones. some evidence of needs-based allocation in this study runs counter to previous findings that aid favors richer states and districts. the result of this study suggests that analyzing aid at a fine-grained level with high resolution spatial data can provide a more nuanced view of aid targeting. 5. title: household fuel transitions have substantially contributed to child mortality reductions in china authors: lin zhu, hua liao, paul j. burke abstract: household air pollution from use of solid fuels such as coal and firewood for cooking is common in the developing world. children under five years of age are likely to be particularly vulnerable. yet relatively little attention has been paid to the contribution of household fuel transitions when attributing reasons for china�s dramatic progress in reducing child mortality. this paper examines the effect of reducing household solid cooking fuel dependence on the under-5 child mortality rate in china. the results reveal that a percentage point decrease in the proportion of households cooking mainly with solid fuels has on average been associated with a reduction in the under-5 child mortality rate of about 10.1 per 100,000 live births, all else equal. we find that the reduction in the share of households cooking with solid fuels over 2000�2010 contributed about 12% of the reduction in the annual under-5 child mortality rate in china, helping to avoid about 39,000 deaths in 2010. 6. title: the ecosystem approach to agricultural value chain finance: a framework for rural credit authors: roberto villalba, terese e. venus, johannes sauer abstract: in developing countries, smallholder farmers often lack long-lasting sources of credit. while traditional banking, microfinance, and cooperatives have addressed some financing gaps, agricultural value chain finance (avcf) has attracted attention as it allows value chain actors to leverage social capital and satisfy their funding needs. to identify the driving factors for the development of avcf, we analyze the role of non-farmer actors including banks, development organizations, agribusinesses, and academia using in-depth expert interviews. following a grounded theory approach, we propose the ecosystem approach as a framework for establishing long-lasting avcf schemes in developing countries based on three critical solutions: building financial platforms for value chain transaction records, implementing bundled services for the value chain, and evolving from a value chain to a value web approach. our findings introduce six propositions that shed light on key factors for the development and longevity of financing schemes: i) the avcf ecosystem, ii) how avcf schemes emerge, iii) social capital and value chain interactions, iv) culture and value chain characteristics, v) market risk, vi) transaction costs reduction. we find that avcf can use social and trade capital to reduce transaction costs and mitigate risks related to quality, prices, and markets. in avcf ecosystems, there are financial products for interlinked agricultural value chains with a balanced focus on all chain actors, no lock-in relationships between the lenders and the borrowers, and multiple benefits for participants. as the evolution towards an ecosystem approach offers a promising outlook for agricultural credit, future research should explore how policymakers and development agencies can support these schemes and how they can be used to increase financial access and equity in rural communities. 7. title: water insecurity, housing tenure, and the role of informal water services in nairobi�s slum settlements authors: nupur joshi, andrea k. gerlak, corrie hannah, sara lopus, ... tom evans abstract: presently, about one billion people reside in slums around the world, creating an ongoing urbanization and development challenge. slum settlements lack tenure security, posing an additional challenge for municipal and national governments in providing basic services. in particular, safe and affordable access to water for slum residents remains unmet, as slum settlements often lack municipal water supply coverage and rely on small-scale informal water services. we examined the dynamics between housing tenure status (tenancy vs ownership), water service types, and water insecurity among households in three slum settlements in nairobi, kenya. using a cross-culturally validated 11-item household water insecurity experience (hwise) scale, we identified a key link between housing tenure status and water insecurity, based on survey data from 556 households. we found that water insecurity in the study sites is a significant challenge because of the link between housing tenure and access to different water service types. as such, water insecurity scores among tenants were significantly higher than homeowners, and this association persists even after controlling for household characteristics. furthermore, a higher percentage of homeowners had access to formal water services than tenants and accessing water from informal water providers was related to higher water insecurity. our results highlight the need for development interventions in slums to consider housing tenure of residents when planning interventions to alleviate water insecurity. to meet the goal of �equitable water for all� set by the united nations sustainable development goals (sdgs), governments must also take key steps to resolve housing tenure injustice and expand home ownership in slum settlements. 8. title: perpetuating the malign legacy of colonialism? traditional chiefs� power and deforestation in sierra leone authors: iva mihaylova abstract: sierra leone is affected by considerable deforestation. the chieftaincy as it exists today in sierra leone is a construct of colonialism with removed key aspects of bottom-up accountability that perpetuated itself after independence. in this setting, traditional chiefs have considerable power to shape multiple facets of everyday life in their local communities including land allocation that influences deforestation. there is an open question of whether keeping traditional chiefs as a construct from the colonial era perpetuates the malign legacy of colonialism. i explore from this perspective the role of traditional chiefs in deforestation in sierra leone. by combining high-resolution satellite image data with survey and historic data in a regression analysis setting, the central findings of this article are that keeping the institution of traditional chiefs in its state from colonial times, giving them power to define multiple aspects of everyday life at the local level, combined with chiefs� and the broader state�s corruption accelerates deforestation. these results have important implications for the increasingly popular global trend toward forestry decentralization strategies. the article suggests that a reform of the traditional chiefs� system in sierra leone and in countries with a similar structure of local traditional authorities is needed and that democratic decentralization of forest management with bottom-up accountability of traditional chiefs may be a viable solution. 9. title: roads, rails, and checkpoints: assessing the permeability of nation-state borders worldwide authors: emanuel deutschmann, lorenzo gabrielli, ettore recchi abstract: the permeability of nation-state borders determines the flow of people and commodities between countries and therefore greatly influences many aspects of human development from trade and economic inequality to migration and the ethnic composition of societies worldwide. while past research on the topic has focused on border fortification (walls, fences, etc.) or the legal dimension of border controls, we take a different approach by arguing that transport infrastructure (paths, roads, railroads, ferries) together with political checkpoints can be used as valuable indicators for the permeability of borders worldwide. more and better transport infrastructure increases permeability, whereas checkpoints create the political capacity for reducing entries. using automatized computational methods combined with extensive manual checks, we parse data from openstreetmap and the world food programme to detect cross-border transport infrastructure and checkpoints. based on this information, we define an index of border permeability for 312 land borders globally. subsequent analyses show that regardless of the degree of closure enforcement at checkpoints, europe and africa have the most, and the americas the least, permeable borders worldwide. regression models reveal that border permeability is higher in densely populated areas and that economic development, by far the most relevant explanatory factor, has a curvilinear relationship with border permeability: borders of very rich and very poor countries are highly permeable, whereas those of moderately prosperous nation-states are significantly harder to cross. implications of this remarkably clear pattern are discussed. 10. title: kenya�s �universal� social pension: the politics of registration in marsabit county authors: alesha porisky, tahira shariff mohamed, patrick mutinda muthui abstract: in 2017 the government of kenya transformed its poverty-targeted older persons cash transfer into a �70-plus� social pension. while the literature suggests that a switch from targeted to universal programs would simplify registration and reduce inclusion and exclusion errors, there were significant variations in take-up of the social pension across diverse counties in kenya, with lower take-up in counties with higher rates of poverty. drawing on qualitative data collected across six months in 2018, including interviews and focus group discussions with government officials, community leaders, politicians and ordinary citizens, this paper examines why take-up of the social pension has been lower in marsabit county, an area of the country with high levels of poverty. we find that government officials struggled to register eligible beneficiaries in remote and marginalized communities within the mass registration exercise�s tight timelines. as a result, they often relied on local actors to relay information between the state and local communities, which resulted in uneven registration and the exclusion of some marginalized populations, particularly in remote and conflicted affected areas. we argue that pressure from the national government to register potential beneficiaries in the month prior to the highly contested 2017 national election exacerbated the challenges posed by low state infrastructural power, including limited resources, low state oversight and a lack of embeddedness within local communities. the visible expansion of the social pension prior to the election was prioritized over achieving universal registration. this paper contributes to the literature on universal versus targeted approaches to social assistance and furthers our knowledge of the challenges of reaching the poorest of the poor even through nominally �universal� programs. while universal approaches expand access to social assistance, this paper highlights the importance of ongoing registration and investments in state infrastructural power to ensure that remote and marginalized populations can access social assistance. 11. title: the agency, resources, and institutional structures for sanitation-related empowerment (arise) scales: development and validation of measures of women�s empowerment in urban sanitation for low- and middle-income countries authors: sheela s. sinharoy, shauna mcmanus, amelia conrad, madeleine patrick, bethany a. caruso abstract: sustainable development goal 6 aims to ensure access to water and sanitation for all, and target 6.2 emphasizes �paying special attention to the needs of women and girls�. research documenting how water, sanitation and hygiene (wash) conditions impact women�s and girls� lives is growing. however, no rigorously validated survey instruments exist for measuring empowerment within the wash sector. the objective of our study was to develop and validate survey instruments to measure sub-domains of women�s empowerment in relation to sanitation in urban areas of low- and middle-income countries. we followed a multi-phased, theory-informed approach that included factor analysis and item response theory methods, as well as reliability and validity testing, to analyze cross-sectional data collected from women in two cities: tiruchirappalli, india (n = 996) and kampala, uganda (n = 1,024). through rigorous evaluation of conceptually grounded question (item) sets, we identify a set of valid, comprehensive scales. the agency, resources, and institutional structures for sanitation-related empowerment (arise) scales represent 16 sub-domains of sanitation-related empowerment, each of which can be used alone or in combination with others, as needed. the arise scales are the only set of psychometrically validated metrics for the measurement of women�s empowerment in wash. in addition to the scales, we provide six indices to assess women�s direct experiences with sub-domains of sanitation-related empowerment, as well as validated item sets related to menstruation, which are available as optional add-on measures for those who menstruate. the arise scales and associated survey modules respond to an established need for an increased focus on empowerment in wash. we provide researchers and implementers with tools to measure sub-constructs of empowerment in a valid and reliable way, to generate data for better targeting, design, implementation, and evaluation of strategies to improve women�s empowerment in the context of urban sanitation at the program and policy level. 12. title: seeing like a smartphone: the co-production of landscape-scale and rights-based conservation authors: walker depuy abstract: landscape approaches are heralded as ways to advance more effective and equitable social-ecological governance by working across economic sectors and stakeholder groups. there remains a need, however, to understand how they are enacted in particular contexts, how rights-based efforts are pursued within them, and what this means for the protection of community rights. developed in partnership by the nature conservancy and the berau district government, the berau forest carbon program (bfcp) uses a landscape approach to advance redd policy in east kalimantan, indonesia. drawing on 26 months of ethnographic research across international, national, subnational, and village governance levels, i find the bfcp aligns with indonesia�s national vision of green growth. focusing on the bfcp�s rights-based instrument known as sigap, i find that it enacts and facilitates that green growth vision both through forest governance policy and as a malleable foucauldian �technology of power.� tracing how sigap has expanded over time from a community engagement protocol to become a multi-stakeholder platform and social media app, this work empirically documents how landscape-scale and rights-based conservation agendas recursively influence each other and that this dynamic co-production illuminates important tensions between rights-based agendas and projects of environmental governance. one example of such a tension is how the development and use of the sigap app is shown to preclude the recognition and discussion of stakeholder conflict and in so doing undermine community rights. ultimately, this article presents a valuable case study for thinking through the diverse kinds of work rights-based instruments can do and centers the need for conservationists to recognize rights-based approaches not as technical toolkits but rather governance mechanisms to be considered and navigated appropriately. 13. title: crowd in or crowd out? the subnational fiscal response to aid authors: isabelle cohen abstract: the fiscal response of aid recipients is crucially important to understanding the effects of aid. the dynamics of governments� fiscal response to receiving aid can help reconcile the micro�macro aid puzzle, as well as having important implications for studying the micro effects of aid. i explore, in the context of uganda from 2010 to 2017, whether ida aid crowds out or crowds in government spending at the district level. to do so, i use an instrumental variables approach combining subnational variation with temporal variation and rich and detailed data on project aid and government budgets in uganda. i find evidence that ida funding leads to increases in government spending, and further evidence that these dynamics are more complex than simple follow-on in the same sector as ida projects. these results suggest critical and underexplored dynamics in subnational fiscal responses to foreign aid, which may have important implications for the study of aid effectiveness. 14. title: a macro analysis of gender segregation and job quality in latin america authors: diksha arora, elissa braunstein, stephanie seguino abstract: latin america has seen vast improvements in gender educational and health equality. favorable supply-side conditions, however, have not translated into greater gender economic equality, a process that also depends on structural economic change and global macroeconomic conditions. in this paper, we assess the role of a variety of macro-level policies and structures in influencing trends in women�s access to high-quality jobs for a sample of 15 countries in latin america over the period 1990�2018. using micro-level data, we first evaluate women�s relative share of good jobs, defined in terms of women�s weekly earnings in an industry or occupation relative to the national median wage. further, we econometrically estimate the association between a variety of macro-level variables and the relative quality of women�s jobs. results indicate that the most significant and robust positive correlate of women�s relative access to good jobs is public social spending as a share of gdp. other important macro-covariates include measures of labor market regulation, monetary and fiscal policy, and macroeconomic structure and global orientation, including financial openness. the results suggest that macro-level structures and policies related to globalization that hamper the achievement of greater gender equality can be offset by appropriately targeted government policies. 15. title: heterogeneous impact of internet availability on female labor market outcomes in an emerging economy: evidence from indonesia authors: niken kusumawardhani, rezanti pramana, nurmala selly saputri, daniel suryadarma abstract: greater female labor market participation benefits not only women's empowerment and the well-being of their families, but also the economy as a whole. yet the labor force participation of women in developing countries is relatively stagnant, even with higher levels of economic development and better educational attainment. women are also more likely to work in the informal sector and unskilled jobs. the arrival of the internet and the subsequent creation of internet-based jobs may positively affect women's labor market outcomes. in this paper, we examine the effect of internet availability on five dimensions of women's labor market outcomes in indonesia, focusing on the heterogeneity in the impact of internet availability on female labor market outcomes. we construct a balanced pseudo panel covering all districts in the country for 2008 � 2018. we find that internet availability has a small positive effect on the labor force participation and full-time employment of younger or low-educated women. we find a small negative effect on the likelihood of holding skilled jobs for these groups of women. we also find a small negative effect on job formality. these effects are concentrated among low-educated women. the findings are mainly explained by the kind of internet-based jobs that were created in the country. on balance, we do not find evidence that the internet significantly improves women's labor market outcomes. $%',-/1235>q��ʻʻʩ��|h`se7h�"�h�"�5�ojqj^jh�"�hu<�5�ojqj^jh�ud5�ojqj^jo(h�"�h�"�o(&h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jajo(h�]5�cjojqj^jajh 2e5�cjojqj^jajh-q�5�cjojqj^jaj#h-q�h-q�5�cjojqj^jajh�"�5�cjojqj^jaj#h�"�h�"�5�cjojqj^jaj 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