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volume 40, issue 2, mar. 2011
1. title: innovation in times of crisis: national systems of innovation, structure, and demand
authors: andrea filippetti, daniele archibugi
abstract: this article addresses the impact of the current economic downturn on innovation across europe. using micro- and macro-data, we investigate to what extent some structural characteristics of national systems of innovation, along with demand, affect firms� persistency in terms of innovation investment. it emerges that the effects of the economic downturn in terms of firms� innovation investment are not the same across european countries. the competences and quality of the human resources, the specialization in the high-technology sector, together with the development of the financial system seem to be the structural factors which are able to offset the effect of the economic downturn on innovation investments of firms across europe. finally, some considerations about policies during recessions are discussed.
2. title: schumacher meets schumpeter: appropriate technology below the radar
authors: raphael kaplinsky
abstract: innovation and technological change play an important role in poverty reduction through their contribution to growth, their use of factors of production, their environmental spillovers, the social relations associated with production and the characteristics of the products which they produce. it was only after the 1960s that these linkages were identified, with the recognition that much of global technological progress was directed to meet the needs of the global rich, and was best-suited to operation in high-income environments. the development and diffusion of �appropriate technologies� was an agenda largely pursued by the not-for-profit appropriate technology movement. however, with the global diffusion of innovative capabilities, and the rapid rise of incomes of the very poor � the �second bottom billion� � innovation for the poor and innovation appropriate for production in low-wage and poor-infrastructure environments has increasingly become an arena for profitable production. the very large size of china and india, coupled with their growing technological capabilities and the rapid growth of low-incomes, makes it likely that they will become the dominant sources of innovation for the poor.
3. title: professional networks, scientific collaboration, and publication productivity in resource-constrained research institutions in a developing country
authors: marcus antonius ynalvez, wesley m. shrum
abstract: we test the hypothesis that scientific collaboration is associated with increased publication productivity. we differentiate our approach from other studies by (a) incorporating professional networks in the productivity model, (b) casting productivity and collaboration as distinct phenomena, and (c) examining these phenomena in the context of resource-constrained research institutions in a developing country. we use survey data and employ negative binomial regression models. results indicate that publication productivity is significantly linked to professional network factors, but there is no evidence of any association with scientific collaboration. we observe that most scientists collaborate in research projects despite coordination difficulties, and without any measurable impact on their productivity. our interviews reveal that a possible answer to this puzzle appears to be rooted in a practice that views collaborative research projects not mainly as a means to producing knowledge and gaining recognition, but for acquiring professional opportunities and extrinsic rewards. our findings suggest a new way of modeling publication productivity, with implications for science and innovation policy in both the developed and the developing world.
4. title: evaluating the impact of r&d tax credits on innovation: a microeconometric study on canadian firms
authors: dirk czarnitzki, petr hanel, julio miguel rosa
abstract: this study examines the effect of r&d tax credits on innovation activities of canadian manufacturing firms. over the 1997�1999 period the federal and provincial r&d tax credit programs were used by more than one third of all manufacturing firms and by close to two thirds of firms in high-technology sectors. we investigate the average effect of r&d tax credits on a series of innovation indicators such as: number of new products, sales with new products, originality of innovation, etc. using a non-parametric matching approach. compared to a hypothetical situation in the absence of r&d tax credits, recipients of tax credits show significantly better scores on most but not all performance indicators. we therefore conclude that tax credits lead to additional innovation output.
5. title: evaluating research efficiency within national r&d programmes
authors: fernando jim�nez-s�ez, jon mikel zabala-iturriagagoitia, jos� l. zof�o, elena castro-mart�nez
abstract: relying on efficiency analysis, we evaluate to what extent policy makers have been able to promote the establishment of consolidated and comprehensive research groups to contribute to the implementation of a successful innovation system for the spanish food technology sector, oriented to the production of knowledge based on an application model. using data envelopment analysis techniques that allow calculation of a generalized version of the traditional distance function model for productive efficiency, we find pervasive levels of inefficiency and a typology of different research strategies. among these, in contrast to what has been assumed, established groups do not play the pre-eminent benchmarking role; rather, partially oriented, specialized and �shooting star� groups are the most common patterns. these results correspond with an infant innovation system, where the fostering of higher levels of efficiency and the promotion of the desired research patterns are ongoing.
6. title: demand articulation in emerging technologies: intermediary user organisations as co-producers?
authors: wouter p.c. boon, ellen h.m. moors, stefan kuhlmann, ruud e.h.m. smits
abstract: user involvement is assumed to be beneficial to innovation processes. intermediary user organisations contribute to articulating societal demands for innovations. however, the learning processes inside these organisations are still not understood well. therefore, this paper empirically investigates intermediaries using an event history approach. it yields characteristic learning mechanisms, e.g. concerning the management of expectations or actively building a case. if intermediaries overcome challenges regarding positioning, representation and the level of proactivity, they can play a precarious role in demand articulation in the context of new technologies.
7. title: determinants of internet standards adoption: the case of south korea
authors: anat hovav, martin hemmert, yoo jung kim
abstract: we develop an adoption model of infrastructure technologies and test it with survey data collected from companies in six industries in south korea (hereafter: korea). the implementation of a new internet standard such as internet protocol version 6 (ipv6) depends on the usefulness of the technology to the adopting organizations and the environment in which they operate. the adoption of ipv6 in korea is mostly driven by a governmental strategy that created user demand, and normative pressure. ipv6 adoption in korea is also driven by perceived resource concentration and power due to the uneven allocation of ipv4 addresses. conversely, killer applications, technical sponsorship and financial factors had no influence on the adoption decision by korean companies. taken together, the findings of our explorative study suggest the need to consider technical as well as social and policy factors to understand the adoption dynamics of infrastructure technologies.
8. title: normative contestation in transitions �in the making�: animal welfare concerns and system innovation in pig husbandry
authors: boelie elzen, frank w. geels, cees leeuwis, barbara van mierlo
abstract: previous studies of system innovations mainly focused on historical cases that were driven by commercial motivations of pioneers and entrepreneurs. this article investigates a system innovation in the making that is driven by normative concerns, such as sustainability or animal welfare, initially formulated by outsiders like special-interest groups. our central research question is: how, when and why is normative contestation of existing regimes effective in influencing the orientation of transitions in the making?
the conceptual framework enriches innovation studies and the multi-level perspective with insights from social movement theory (smt) and political science. smt is used to analyze the build up of normative pressure (through framing, resource mobilization, and political opportunity structures). from political science we use the notion of multiple streams, in our analysis a problem, regulatory, market and technology stream.
the research design consists of a comparative case study of pig husbandry systems. one case analyses the sub-sector of pregnant sows where normative pressures, after several decades, led to the changes advocated by the contestants. the second case concerns the sub-sector of pig fattening where normative pressure was less successful.
the difference is partly explained by the normative pressure for pregnant sows being larger than for fattening pigs. the other part of the explanation is that in the first case normative pressure aligned better with the three other streams (regulatory, market and technology) to lead to the changes desired by the contestants.
9. title: team intuition as a continuum construct and new product creativity: the role of environmental turbulence, team experience, and stress
authors: mumin dayan, c. anthony di benedetto
abstract: although past research has reported the benefits of intuition in new product decision-making (i.e., higher quality product; enhanced customer satisfaction), intuition has largely been studied as an individual phenomenon and little work has examined the role of intuition on new product development (npd) project teams. furthermore, in a turbulent environment, npd project teams may rely more on intuitive judgments, and other factors such as experience and stress may also influence the relationship between team intuition and team decision making. drawing from the organizational design literature on creativity in decision making, this study builds a conceptual model of npd team intuition and its effect on the team's ability to generate creative new products. we then derive hypotheses regarding team intuition, stress, environmental turbulence, and new product creativity, and test the hypotheses using data from a sample of 155 firms operating in ankara and istanbul, turkey. we specifically test whether an inverted-u relationship exists between team intuition and new product creativity (that is, a balance of both intuitive and rational judgments is preferred), and whether this relationship is moderated by team experience and stress. moreover, direct impact of turbulent conditions (i.e. market and technical turbulence) on intuition was also examined. the results of our empirical study with a sample of 310 new product/project developers and 155 project managers showed a positive and linear relation between turbulent conditions (both market and technical) and team intuition and an inverted u-shaped team intuition�new product creativity relation for teams with high experience and low stress. finally, theoretical implications for future research and managerial implications for practitioners are discussed in the conclusion section.
10. title: exploration versus exploitation in alliance portfolio: performance implications of organizational, strategic, and environmental fit
authors: yasuhiro yamakawa, haibin yang, zhiang (john) lin
abstract: how does the nature of firms� alliance portfolio in terms of exploration versus exploitation affect performance? building on prior research grounded in the resource-based view and the relational perspective, we expand firms� boundary to include their inter-firm relationships and their immediate environment, and develop an extended resource-based framework centering on the concept of fit. specifically, we propose that whether the exploration versus exploitation orientation of an alliance portfolio may benefit firm performance depends on how such an orientation fits the firm's internal organizational characteristics, strategic orientations, and the industry environment. data from five u.s. industries over eight years largely support our thesis. overall, our study calls for a holistic approach to consider the importance of organizational, strategic, and environmental fit in understanding the performance implications of alliance-formation choices.
11. title: the bumpy road of technology partnerships: understanding causes and consequences of partnership mal-functioning
authors: boris lokshin, john hagedoorn, wilko letterie
abstract: research on technological partnerships has traditionally sought explanation of their high failure rates in partner characteristics and relationship features. this study introduces the notion of a �bumpy road� in technology partnerships which refers to undesired outcomes such as �partnership mal-functioning� and �instability� to the degree to which innovation activities are hampered. we explain how firm-level strategies can reduce the probability of a �bumpy road� in partnerships. we also assess the impact of this �bumpy road� on innovative performance. we find that firms that excel in diversification of external activities (in terms of different types of partners) perform best. moreover, a persistent product oriented innovation strategy geared at developing new products, new markets, or higher product quality will yield more stable partnership outcomes. our results confirm that engagement in partnerships is beneficial for innovative performance. however, firms that experienced a �bumpy road� in their technological partnerships have to pay a price in terms of a negative effect on their innovative performance.
12. title: electricity sector liberalisation and innovation: an analysis of the uk's patenting activities
authors: tooraj jamasb, michael g. pollitt
abstract: liberalisation has had a marked effect on innovative activities in the electricity industry. in particular, electricity reforms have resulted in a reduction in r&d spending in the sector. r&d and patenting activities are respectively regarded as innovative inputs to and outputs from technological progress. the present paper examines the effect of the reforms on patenting activity in the uk electricity sector. the results indicate that electricity related patents in non-nuclear and renewable technologies have increased in the post-liberalisation period. we attribute this trend to the increased commercialisation of the sector. while this development is positive, we argue that a lasting decline in r&d will in the longer run reduce technological progress and innovation in the sector. in order to maintain the pace of innovation, we discuss the need to design a new framework for innovation systems that is commensurate with the functioning and incentive mechanisms of a liberalised sector.
13. title: cheaper patents
authors: tom nicholas
abstract: the 1883 patents act in britain provides perspective for modern patent policy reforms because it radically changed incentives for inventors by reducing filing fees by 84 percent. patents increased 2.5-fold after the reform, which was evenly distributed across the geography of inventors, the organization of invention and sectors. by realizing a large demand for cheaper patents the reform increased the propensity to patent and shifted inventive activity inside the patent system. it did not increase innovation as measured by changes in the distribution of high and low value patents and citations to english inventor patents in the united states.
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